The Character of Casey in The Grapes of Wrath :: Grapes Wrath essays

The Character of Casey in The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck passionately describes a time of unfair poverty, unity, and the human spirit growth in the classic novel, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel tells of real, diverse characters that experience growth through turmoil and hardship. Jim Casy, a personal favorite character, is an ex-preacher that meets with a former worshiper, Tom Joad. Casy continues a relationship with Tom and the rest of the Joads as they embark on a journey to California with the hopes of prosperity. Casy represents how the many situations in life impact the ever-changing souls of human beings and the search within to discover one's true identity and beliefs. Casy, however, was much more complex than the average individual. His unprejudiced, unified, Christ-like existence twists and turns with every mental and extraneous disaccord. Jim Casy is an interesting, complicated man. He can be seen as a modern day Christ figure, except without the tending manifest belief in the Christian faith. The initials of his n ame, J.C., are the same as those of Jesus Christ. Just as Jesus was exalted by many for what he stood for and was supposed to be, Casy was hailed and respected by many for simply being a preacher. Casy and Jesus both saw a common goodness in the average man and saw every person as holy. Both Christ and Casy faced struggles between their ideals and the real world. Despite Casy's honesty, goodness, and loyalty to all men, he would not earn a meal or warm place to stay. Although Jesus had many followers, still others opposed his preaching until the very end.   These prophets attempted to disengage man from the cares of the world and create a high spiritualism that stemmed joy from misery. All the migrants found pleasures along their trips and kept their hope and spirit throughout the journey. Thanks to Jesus, the saddest, dullest existence has had its glimpse of Heaven. Casy once remarked, I gotta see them folks that's gone out on the road. I gotta feelin' I got to see them. They gon na need help no preachin' can give 'em. Hope of heaven when their lives ain't lived? Holy Sperit when their own sperit is downcast an' sad?" (page #)   Casy wished to reach out to others in spite of his own troubles. He wanted to give them sprit; hope and he wanted to rejuvenate their souls.

Poetry and Time Essay

Slessor’s compact oeuvre details his struggle with time. However, his longing to be out of time merely highlights the supremacy of time over human life and nature. Slessor utilises familiar elements in an attempt to gain a better understanding of what he cannot comprehend. Moments captured out of time are short-lived illusions, though despite their brevity Slessor believes they are beautiful. In Out of Time, the first two stanzas in the third sonnet are Slessor’s illusions of a moment captured in ‘the sweet meniscus of time’. This moment is captured as Slessor remains ‘with the golden undertow’, moving against time for a brief moment. In this moment out of time Slessor observes a scene, which defies not only time but also other conventions such as gravity as the gulls rise ‘backward’. Slessor’s language in these stanzas (‘golden’, ‘sweet’ and ‘bubbled’) are contrasted against the harsh words (‘stabbed’, ‘pale’ and ‘faceless’) through the remainder of the poem and show through contrast Slessor’s awe at the beauty of the ‘moment’s world’. However Slessor is taken back to reality at the end of the third stanza by ‘the suck of sea’. When Slessor is ‘Out of time’ his disobeying time which has power even over nature. Consequently, under the instruction of time, the sea brings Slessor back to the constraints of time and reality as it continues its relentless pursuit of fate. In Five Bells Slessor struggles to comprehend the death of his friend: Joe Lynch. At the beginning Slessor is under the illusion that he may be able to ‘hear the voice’ of the ‘dead man’ despite the impenetrable ‘pygmy strait’ that he knows exists between life and death. Slessor is frustrated that Joe is trapped in a flood of time and that he himself is taken away by time, leaving Joe ‘anchored’. Despite this knowledge Slessor employs illusions and imagery as he tries to break the constraints of time and reach his friend. The first illusion is that of Joe ‘beating at the ports of space’, ‘bawling’ and ‘crying out [his] name’. This is Slessor trying to imagine what is beyond death. The second illusion is Joe trapped at the bottom of the sea as the ‘wet presses it’s dark thumb balls in’ and the ‘sea pinks’ growing between Joe’s teeth. Despite these attempts to bring Joe back to life so Slessor can ‘hear his voice’, Slessor is unable to be out of time and reanimate his friend. Rather all he hears is ‘bells, five bells coldly ringing out’, bringing Slessor back to reality. Slessor very effectively utilises illusions and strong imagery in an attempt to break the constraints of time in order to capture a moment or remember a loved one. However, inevitably Slessor is forced back to reality by the power and necessity of time and it’s relentless nature. Time is continuous; its relentless nature causes Slessor to leave memory behind as he is swept up in the ever-continuing tide. Out fo Time is structured as a poem composed of 3 linked sonnets, the first sonnet ends with ‘the golden undertow’ and the second begins with ‘the golden undertow’. This linkage is consistent throughout the remainder of the poem, with the last line of the last sonnet linking to the ‘yachts’ in the opening line of the first sonnet. This structure very effectively portrays Slessor’s belief that time is relentless as it continues onwards. Similarly, Slessor has used Iambic pentameter throughout the poem so that it is read consistently. This creates a measured rhythm and a sense of urgency that portrays time is measured and hurried. It is for this reason Slessor is unable to remain ‘out of time’ as we must obey time and time must continue in its pursuit of fate. Though Dutton claims of Five Bells, ‘the time of this poem is quite different to the time of all the others’ Slessor still discusses the continuous nature of time in this poem. He describes time as ‘moved by little fidget wheels’ consistent with Out of Time in its suggestion that time is measured. Slessor utilises the sea to comment on times continuous nature. This is appropriate as Slessor is very familiar with the Harbour and water and using this element helps him and his readers to grasp a better understanding of the incomprehensible. Joe and those dead are described in a metaphor of weed, as Slessor suggest ‘time bends the weed’ continuing on, whilst leaving Joe and the weed in it’s wake. Similarly, he states the ‘tide is over you’ and ‘the waves go over you’, using the constancy of a waters tide to effectively portray times continuous nature. Slessor effectively conveys his longing to be ‘out of time’ through his poetry. Although in exploring this using illusion he realises the continuous nature of time means that one cannot remain out of time for long periods of time.

Problems with the Public Defence System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2700 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Problems with the public defense system A public defender is a lawyer who is appointed to defend individuals who cannot afford to hire a lawyer. Public defenders are appointed by the government and the provision of is stipulated by the law of those countries that have this provision. The law requires that there be a provision for adequate assistance of counsel to anyone accused of a crime who cannot afford their own representation. An individual presumed innocent and has a right to a fair trial in which he can defend himself against the charges leveled against him. With no access to counsel, an innocent person may be convicted of a crime merely because they happen to be poor. Providing competent counsel is the significant way of ensuring the proper operation of the constitution designed to protect the innocent and the less fortunate from unfair and unjust punishment, including death. As Justice Black recognized in Gideon v. Wainwright: Every individual therefore has a right to an attorney as provided by the law, and this attorney is required to represent their client fully. This however in some instances has been made difficult and impossible even in some cases, due to the problems and difficulties that the public defence system is facing. Not all Individuals are Eligible. For instance not everyone qualifies for a public defender. An individual’s eligibility for a public defender is determined by their financial need. Therefore one has to provide financial documents that prove that they are unable to hire a lawyer, for an attorney to be assigned to them. Sometime these procedures are slow and end up taking too long before the individual’s case is assigned to a public defender. These slow procedures then cause the individual to be in jail for more days than necessary. Ineffective Counsel After the financial bit, comes the effectiveness of the appointed counsel. This is especially discouraging as the court appointed attorney sometimes are not as effective. The quality of representation of the client by the attorney is sometimes not the best and this is mostly due to the limited resources provided to the counsel or the work overload that the public defender has that cause them not to be fully prepared to represent the defendant in court. Excess Workload Public defense caseloads frequently far exceed national standards. For example, national standards limit felony cases to 150 a year per attorney. Yet felony caseloads of 500, 600, 800 or more are common. Unmanageable caseloads mean that many defenders simply don’t have time to do the most basic tasks, such as talk to their clients or do investigation. Many individuals get nothing more than a few minutes of their attorney’s time and a hurried guilty plea. The result: miscarriages of justice and convictions of the innocent. This has sometimes led to attorneys being sued for misrepresenting and failing their clients due to work overload. Sometimes public defenders out rightly refuse to represent clients, in such instances a lot of defendants are left with no representation which goes against their constitutional right to an attorney. However the defenders argue that lack of effective counsel due to work overload is well the same as going against or violating this right. Lack of Standards Not all states have clear standards when it comes to representations by public defenders and this obviously brings us back to the quality of representation. As a result of the lack of standards in some counties, the public defense system may be terrible in one county and totally different in another. So that you may find individuals with the same crime may have extremely different verdicts. Lack of Institutional Support Public defenders are burdened by lack of resources, unimaginable workload, limited supervision and very little training, oppressive police, stubborn clients, demanding judges and jurors all of whom they must work with and unhealthy working conditions. Studies of the system indicate that all these factors and tremendous pressure to process cases result to a constant stress on the public defenders which in turn leads to an increasing sense of disillusionment and cynicism about the job. Representation of defendants at the federal level is further complicated by new federal bail and speedy trial requirements, the sentencing guidelines, and mandatory minimum sentences, all of which have increased the pressure on public defenders, thereby causing a reduced ability to provide proper representation.[ committee to review the criminal justice act, report of the committee to review the criminal justice act (1993), reprinted in 52 crim. l. rep. (bna) 2265 (1993) [hereinafter review committee report]. Lack of funding Financing is a big issue for public defenders countrywide. This is such a big issue that some public defender offices are even refusing some cases and letting go of others due to lack of resources and man power. There are some states whose public attorneys are funded by the local county governments. However most counties are short on cash and are not able to fund their public defender offices. This leaves there members of state without a choice if they do not have enough money to afford an attorney. Sometimes it goes as far as charging the defendants for some of the costs of their public defenders. For example in Louisiana the amount charged to individuals who go through the courts is said to pay a sizeable amount the budget for public defenders countrywide. This reliance on court fees stems from the severe underfunding of the public defense system which in turn leads to case overloads. Lack of Trust from the Public Public have a questionable independence as they report to elected officials. Thus one is left to question where their loyalties lie and whether they are acting impartially and being unbiased in thei r representation just to advance their employers interests. The public defense function should be independent from political influence and subject to judicial supervision only. To promote quality of services and efficiency and also to safeguard independence, a nonpartisan board should oversee defender assigned counsel systems. Ensuring that the judiciary is independent from political pressures is an important means of furthering the independence of the defense system. No counsel at all Many people that are accused of a crime get no lawyer at all. In 2002 one of California’s Counties had more than 12,000 guilty pleas that were entered by individuals who had no lawyers. In Georgia we have some counties that have been sued for failing to provide counsel to defendants, or delaying so long to appoint counsel, which leads to the pretrial wait in jail to be longer than the sentence would have been if convicted. In other places pressure is put on individuals to waive their c onstitutional right to counsel, this is normally done to juveniles, so as to get a â€Å"deal† that is available only if they plead guilty to the crime they have been accused of immediately. Many courts with little to no challenge at all, accept this waivers. The consequences to these are often life-altering, such as loss of employment and sometimes even deportation. Very few jurisdictions comply with the U.S. Supreme Court’s latest ruling (Alabama v. Shelton 2002) extending the right to counsel to people receiving probation or a suspended sentence. Reports say that Washington DC almost 99 percent of defendants on housing eviction cases is unrepresented by attorneys. This means that these individuals may end up being evicted due to lack of proper representation. Counsel lacks sufficient time and space The defenders sometimes lack sufficient time to interview their clients before the preliminary examination and even trial. This is because the attorneys are informed of their new clients late, and in most cases they are always busy dealing with another case. By the time they get around to seeing the client it’s too late or too much time has passed and they are only left with few minutes to develop strategy and ground rules for both of them. This then leads to misrepresentation of the defendant by the defender, which is violating the defendant’s rights of legal counsel as they have not been fully represented. The space that is given for counsel is also is not confidential. An attorney should have confidential access to his client at all times for exchange of legal and any other information needed; this however is not the case. Lack of experience Sometimes defendants are assigned to counsel that has no experience in their case. Attorneys should never be assigned to case that they do not have experience or proper training to handle; this is overlooked especially when all the attorneys who could handle the case are ov erwhelmed with work load or are just not available to take up the case. This also leads to poor representation of clients and has dire consequences like harsh penalties and verdicts by the judge. Changing of Attorneys In some instances you may find a defendant having to be represented by two different attorneys in the same case. This is again mostly due to work overload that may lead to dates of case hearings clashing and thus a new attorney has to step in and represent the defendant. This leads to confusion and slow advancement of the cases. It is important that the same attorney represent the client continuously from the beginning of the case through the trial and till sentencing. Burn out and fatigue of attorneys. Most public defenders have a lot of cases to handle that they end up being burned out. The fatigue causes them to make judgment errors when making decisions on the representation of client cases which leads misrepresentation of the clients. This is unethi cal and totally unfair to the client as they may end up with life altering sentences put against them due to these errors. Families may lose their homes; individuals may end up being deported or families broken due to sentencing of many years in prison, leaving behind families that are bankrupt and have huge legal fees to pay. Many people are let go from prison after they are found to be innocent after they have spent many years in prison. These individuals had attorneys who represented them when they were found guilty in the first place. Some who are without lack, never find justice in the system, they instead die in prison after hoping and praying and later on resign to fate. Racism Some communities that suffer from inadequate provision of legal services to the poor are also subject to peculiar disabilities in the criminal justice system. The most recent wave of criminal justice reforms has included the enactment of laws that appear to be aimed at members of certain ra ces, leading to higher levels of incarceration of African-American males. One of the most disturbing examples of race-based criminal law reform is the enactment of differing penalties for cocaine convictions based solely on the form in which the cocaine is possessed or distributed. In Minnesota v. Russell, five African-American males challenged a state criminal prosecution for possession of crack cocaine. The defendants alleged that African-Americans, who constitute ninety-six percent of those charged with possession of crack cocaine, and white Americans, who constitute nearly eighty percent of those charged with possession of powder cocaine, were treated differently in the imposition of penalties for what is essentially the same crime; possession or distribution of cocaine. Under Minnesota law at the time, the sentence for a conviction of possessing five grams of powder cocaine would likely result in probation. Alternatively, the sentence for a conviction of possessing fiv e grams of crack cocaine would ordinarily result in a penalty of ten years imprisonment. Moreover, the data presented at trial by the defendants indicated that an offender convicted of selling a given amount of crack cocaine would receive the same sentence as would an offender convicted of selling one hundred times that amount of powder cocaine. The Minnesota Supreme Court concluded that the statute failed the rational basis test drawn from the equal protection clause of the state constitution, which in some respects is more stringent than the federal test. The federal courts have also noted the racial disparity in sentencing for cocaine possession and distribution caused by the dubious distinction drawn between crack and powder cocaine in the federal statutes. For example, Judge Louis of the District Court for the District of Columbia held in United States v. Walls that the statutory mandatory minimum sentences for crack cocaine possession in some circumstances constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 4 Federal District Court Judge Clyde Cahill has also commented on the severe impact the disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentencing has had on the African-American community: While Congress may have had well-intentioned concerns, the Court is equally aware that this one provision, the crack statute, has been directly responsible for incarcerating nearly an entire generation of young black American men for very long periods, usually during the most productive time of their lives. Inasmuch as crack and powder cocaine are really the same drug, it appears likely that race rather than conduct was the determining factor. [United States v. Clary, 846 F. Supp. 768, 770 (E.D. Mo. 1994).] Underpaid attorneys Most public defenders push their clients into plea agreements just to get rid of them because they are being underpaid and have a lot of work. So the faster they can be done with it the better. This is because making a plea is faster than going to trial which will go on for days or even months. Pleas are fast and will enable the defender to handle more cases and therefore earn more money. For instance a court appointed attorney in Genesee County, gets $200 if the defendant pleads guilty before the trial date. In such instances the defender will push their client to plead guilty so that they may get the money. However attorneys who work in good public defender offices are paid a standard salary which is not determined by the number of cases they have handled. They therefore have no financial incentive whatsoever. We can therefore conclude that some of the attorneys do this to clear their work load. Over worked attorneys will push their clients to settle just so that they may get over and with the case and move on to the next as fast as they could. Also during these please, the attorney will push for a better deal if the client decides to retain them as private attorn ey or pays them more. Staffing shortage Staffing shortage is what has led to the numerous work overloads that in turn cause fatigue and burn out to the available attorneys. Due to the little pay most attorneys have moved to work with private firms where they can get a good amount of money for handling fewer cases. Most attorneys only work as public defenders so as to get experience and later on move to work in huge and established private firms, leaving the inexperienced attorneys to represent the defendants. Conclusion The insufficient funding in the public defender systems nationwide has resulted in inadequate training and resources to the public defense attorneys. Such structural limitations restrict public defenders ability to represent their clients effectively, and thus causing them to receive a lot of criticism from the general public as well as their clients. These negative feedbacks cause the public defenders to have psychological stress and develop cynici sm towards the job. Moreover, the disproportionate presence of racial minorities among the clients relying on public defender system need to ensure that all defendants receive competent representation; else the criminal justice system will create further disparities in treatment of persons of different races. Many of the problems presently confronting public defender offices can be addressed by creating an independent Defender Services Center modeled after the Washington, D.C., Public Defender Service, to fund and streamline individual offices. Such a center would focus on providing ongoing defense attorney training and on developing and sustaining a positive office culture, two techniques proven effective in enhancing the effectiveness of the representation of the poor. Without such radical and substantial reform, we will continue to face the persistent problem of denying to those most in need the essential services necessary to ensure that the interests of justice are served . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problems with the Public Defence System" essay for you Create order

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay - 1751 Words

William Shakespeares Hamlet There were many factors which affected Shakespeare when he wrote Hamlet, one of which was the fashion at the time were all about revenge tragedies, the audience absolutely loved to watch violence. Shakespeare knew that, so most of his plays were in that category. When this play was written in 1601, Shakespeares father died and also one of his generous patron and friend imprisoned due to the failure of a rebellion led by Lord Essex. Shakespeare himself had also taken part in the plot by authorizing a performance of Richard II on the eve of the events. Essexs followers compared Elizabeth I to Richard and the scene concerning the deposing of the King was to trigger†¦show more content†¦Mad call I it, for to define true madness, from Polonius clearly suggested. But in reality he was only trying to fool those around him, in order to get those around him to show their hands and also to find out whether the ghost was telling the truth. Since Hamlet was acting mad, therefore he would be able to get away with things where otherwise the King would suspect him and find a way to shut him up. The quote These tedious old fools. from Hamlet after Polonius had left suggested that Hamlet thought Polonius was a fool since he falls for his acted mad ness. Basically these quotes brought up the key themes in the play, which were madness and appearance vs. reality. Another key theme, order and disorder had also taken place in the beginning of the play. From Hamlets first soliloquy he said Fie ont, ah fie,tis an unweeded garden. This showed that he thought the entire country was running into chaos and out of control hence disorder because Denmark was preparing for war against Fortinbras, the prince of Norway, and the early marriage between the Queen and Claudius soon after the death of King Hamlet. In Norway, things were very organised hence order as Fortinbras had a very clear and detailed plan of how to invade Denmark. Also the state of Hamlets mind was very confused with the fact that on one hand, he had to take revenge upon Claudius hence order and on the otherShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meani ngs are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudiuss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |  9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet710 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet are very few female characters that is caused by the story - the son must avenge his fathers killer , the mother s uncle . Nevertheless images of Gertrude , Queen of the Danish and Ophelia , daughter of royal adviser Polonius , played in the tragedy very important role . In these two images are not simply embodied many typical female character traits - as worthy , and not so . In the process of communication with these women reveal deeper characters of Hamlet and

Communication in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary Essay

Communication in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary In Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary, the quest for the sublime and perfect expression seems to be trapped in the inability to successfully verbalize thoughts and interpret the words of others. The relationship between written words and how they are translated into dialogue and action is central in evaluating Emmas actions and fate, and ultimately challenges the reader to look at the intricacies of communication. Flauberts portrayal of Emmas reading habits provides the basic framework for evaluating the way she processes information. In the purest representation of Emmas readership, she picked up a book, and then, dreaming between the lines let it drop on†¦show more content†¦Ironically, Emma seems to recognize the implausibility of the ideals that guide her actions; she detest[s] commonplace heroes and moderate feelings, as one finds them in nature (59). Flaubert seems to be asking how conscious Emma is in forming her delusions and subsequently how this relates to her accountability. Charles provides a comic foil for Emmas inability to comprehend the undefinable sentiments of love which she [tries] to construct from the books she read[s] (206). He may undertake more serious reading endeavors such as La Ruche Medicale, but his more pronounced inability to interpret or even comprehend anything let alone stay awake five minutes demonstrates a more primitive version of Emma s delusional state of dreaming (44). The second time Charles embarks on a reading assignment about how to perform surgery he can not even pronounce the scientific terminology about how to describe the medical deviations of the foot (125). Flaubert suggests that the words may run through a mans mind but to be able to understand them in a relational context, comprehension, and pronounce them, expression, represents the challenges of the interpretive process. Charles mutilation of his patient embodies the distortion which the human mind creates in the interpretive process. ByShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Flaubert s Madame Bovary, Toni Morrison s Sula Essay1857 Words   |  8 Pagesother words, the bond established by the man and the woman is an ongoing unending commitment to each another. In Gustave Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Sula† and Kate Chopin’s two short stories â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we see disloyalty, complex love, misery, unfulfillment and importantly, infidelity supposed matrimony. In the story â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Emma’s marriage is dull and uninteresting, her position as a wife and mother fails to make her happy or pleased

My Lai Massacre Essay Example For Students

My Lai Massacre Essay My Lai MassacreMy Lai On March 16, 1968, in the Quang Ngai region of Vietnam, specifically My Lai, the United States military was involved in an appalling slaughter of approximately 500 Vietnamese civilians. There are numerous arguments as to why this incident even had the capacity to occur. Although some of the arguments seem valid, can one really make excuses for the slaughter of innocent people? The company that was responsible for the My Lai incident was the Charlie Company and throughout the company there were many different accounts of what happened that reprehensible day. Therefore there are a few contradictions about what had occurred, such as what the commanding officers exact instructions for the soldiers were. Even with these contradictions the results are obvious. The question that must be posed is whether these results make the American soldiers involved that day guilty. There is the fact that the environment of the Vietnam War made it very confusing to the soldiers exac tly who the enemy was, as well as providing a pent up frustration due to the inability to even engage in real combat with the enemy. If this is the case though, why did some soldiers with the same frustrations refuse the orders and sit out on the action, why did some cry while firing, and why then did one man go so far as to place himself between the Vietnamese and the firing soldiers? If these men who did not see the sense in killing innocents were right with their actions, then how come the ones who did partake were all found not guilty in court? The questions can keep going back and forth on this issue, but first what happened that day must be examined. Captain Earnest Medina was in charge of giving orders to the Charlie Company and in the early evening of March 15th a meeting was called. CPT Medina told the company that the next morning they would be moving into My Lai and attacking Vietcong forces there. He told them that all the civilians would be at the market or would have a lready been moved out by the time that the soldiers arrived to carry out their planned attack. He said all that would be left in the village would be the Vietcong of the 48th battalion and Vietcong sympathizers. It was never clear what CPT Medina had said to do in the event of coming across civilians. Medina claimed in court that he had told the GIs not to kill women and children, to use their common sense, but the soldiers did not recollect this statement. All of the soldiers were said to be excited after the meeting and they were ready for whatever the next days battle would bring. They drank themselves to extreme drunkenness that night and talked of the next days events, cleaning out or sanitizing My Lai. On the morning of March 16th the company moved in. They were instructed by Lieutenant William Calley to shoot every living thing in sight, from animals to babies, for the animals would feed the Vietcong and the babies would one day grow up to be them. From many soldiers accounts , non-of the people shot that day seemed to pose any threat to the American soldiers. In fact, women, children and old men made up a huge majority of the victims. Barely any weapons were found and according to most of the soldiers the Vietnamese people were trying to cooperate but there was the barrier of language. When the soldiers yelled things in Vietnamese they werent even sure if they were saying the right thing because Vietnamese is a language based on inflection in the voice. LT Calley ordered his soldiers to kill all of the Vietnamese in massive slaughters. They were herded into big groups, and some groups were forced into ditches and then fired upon. The few that survived did so because the were covered by the bodies of those less fortunate. (Linder) After the massacre was over there was an extensive cover-up, the commanders even reported My Lai as a success with 123 enemy deaths and some weapon recoveries. It wasnt until a man named Ronald Ridenhour, over a year later, beg an to write letters about the incident to very important people including the President of the United States at the time, Richard Nixon. Ridenhour became informed about My Lai through stories that his fellow veterans had told him. He stated, I wanted to get those people. I wanted to reveal what they did. My God, when I first came home, I would tell my friends and cry-literally cry. (Linder) The letters he wrote, for the most part were cast aside, but some recipients were curious. Representative Morris Udall decided the letter was not to be ignored and what Ridenhour claimed had happened needed to be investigated. This is where the trials and the questioning of what actually happened, who was to blame, and what the reasons for this calamity were, began. The real query though was, even if the above questions could be answered would there ever be a clear explanation/excuse for this tragedy. As mentioned before the Vietnam War caused the soldiers to harbor a lot of hostility directed at their situation as opposed to just their enemy. These were all relatively young men fighting, 18-22, most without anything more than a high school education. They were in a strange foreign country fighting a war that most of them did not even understand. They were fighting in an oppressively hot climate among peasants of an alien culture. (Goff, Moss Terry, Upshur, 445) The main problem was that Vietnam was not a conventional war, it was very difficult to tell who the enemy was. Members of the 48th Battalion reportedly lived with the local villagers in order to conceal their presence, often working as farmers during the day and fighting as guerillas at night. (Olson and Roberts, 45) Also the Tet offensive occurred just about a month and a half before the My Lai incident, on January 30, 1968. The North Vietnamese launched an attack on the South during the traditional Vietnamese New Year. Although it is said that the American forces did not lose the battle, with nearly total surprise , enemy forces had unleashed a massive attack that cast doubt on almost every premise of American involvement in Vietnam. (Chafe, 346) This doubt reinforced how the soldiers were already feeling. As more and more causalities and injuries added up, from such things as booby traps and mines, the American soldiers wanted to fight. There was specific case of this in the Charlie Company. Two days before the My Lai incident occurred, on March 14th, a Vietcong booby trap had killed one man, blinded another and still wounded several others, all members of the Charlie Company. The funeral was held the day before the massacre, only shortly before CPT Medinas speech. Therefore the rage was at near a peak for these men. After CPT Medinas speech the soldiers believed that Medinas main message was that it was time for revenge, that they should think about all their friends who had been killed or wounded and then go into My Lai and settle some scores. (Olson and Roberts, 19) The main reason that t he soldiers used in defense of their actions during the trials was that they were simply following orders given by their ranking officers. The soldiers asserted that following orders was one of the most essential points that they had learned in training. Paul Meadlo, a rifleman with the Charlie Company, said in the hearings, from the first day we go in the service, the very first day, we all learned to take orders and not to refuse any kind of order from a non-commissioned officer. . .If you refuse the order, the son-of-a-bitch might shoot you or the next day you spend the rest of your life in stockade for refusing an order. (Olson and Roberts, 11) According to the rules of land warfare if a soldier believes an order to be unjust and/or illegal then they do not have to carry it out and they must report it to a higher authority. Most of the soldiers did not remember learning of this rule or basically any of the rules. In fact only two hours total was spent on training soldiers of pri soners rights. Their training was learning to fight not how to treat the enemy justly. LT Calley claims he was simply carrying out the orders of CPT Medina by massacring a large group of civilians. He claimed in his testimony, If I questioned an order, I was to carry it out and come back and make my complaint. (Olson and Roberts, 183) It seems as if most of the soldiers didnt understand their right to refuse unreasonable orders, but some did. Those who refrained from participating in the My Lai incident make it obvious that those who did participate could have declined as well. Some men who participated not only followed through with the orders but they did so with great brutality. There were many cases of rape, most frequently young girls, cases of young children being shot in the head at point blank range and even a case of an older man thrown down a well only to have a grenade lobbed in after him. Other soldiers refused to take part in the senseless killings. There were even acco unts of men shooting unwillingly with tears in their eyes. Many of these soldiers were riddled with guilt and confessed to their wrong doings in court. Aside from the soldiers mentioned above there were even what some consider to be My Lai heroes. One specific case, is the case of Chief Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson, an army helicopter pilot assigned to fly reconnaissance for My Lai. He noticed dead civilians lying all over My Lai as he was flying overhead the action. He became shocked and furious when he saw the bodies that filled the ditches. He claims to have seen no draft-age people, which were what the soldiers were supposed to look for as the enemy. He landed in attempt to evacuate the living, as well as the wounded civilians. He saw a bunker full of women, older men, and children. He informed the soldiers of Charlie Company he would be taking them out, a soldier responded by claiming he would take them out with a grenade. Thompson told Calley to hold his men there while he ev acuated the civilians. (Linder) He even told his helicopter crew to open fire on the Americans if they showed any violent force against the civilians. He guaranteed the safety of those Vietnamese people by placing himself between them and the soldiers. Thompson was very mad, sad, and extremely frustrated that day, he came very close to giving up his wings. He had little faith in the system, thinking that this could have been just one incident among many. He was one of the main witnesses for the hearings of My Lai. He testified again and again about the atrocities of the day. If men like Thompson existed that day, if he could see with clear eyes what was going on; why couldnt others, why didnt others? In the trials that followed the revelation of this horrible event, it was decided to prosecute twenty-five men. LT Calley was the only one convicted because the evidence of his brutality was overwhelming. At one point, a two-year-old child who somehow survived the gunfire began running towards the hamlet. Calley grabbed the child, threw him back in the ditch, then shot him. (Linder) He had also been the one to give the orders of shooting all the civilians that had been gathered in the ditches. The soldiers were made to feel that it was okay to wipe out the entire village by their leaders, like Calley, and these leaders were the men they were to trust and to look to for guidance. Paul Meadlo was one of the soldiers who had fallen victim, if that is what it can be categorized as, to Calleys orders. After Meadlo had gathered some civilians in a ditch, Calley had said, You know what to do with them, Meadlo.(Linder) Meadlo had assumed that Calley had meant to simply guard them. When Calley returned, he said, how come theyre not dead?. . .He backed off twenty or thirty feet and started shooting into people. (Linder) Meadlo did so as well, only later to be seen with his head in his hands crying. If Meadlo had believed these were actually Vietcong as he testified in court , then why would he have cried? Calley was sentenced to hard labor for the rest of his life. Later he was removed from stockade by Richard Nixon and placed under house arrest, only then to be paroled by the Secretary of the Army. If the man that showed the most cruelty, and had caused others to be just as cruel, was virtually pardoned for his actions, then there seems to be no one to blame. Calley had blamed CPT Medina, saying he was just following Medinas orders. It seems that everyone got out of prosecution by blaming someone else when they all seemed to be guilty of one thing or another. By trying to answer all these questions about My Lai it seems as if more questions just arise to take their place. What happened that day seems to be pretty clear, and the question of why it happened can even somewhat be answered. It is also a enormously common opinion that the incident was horrible and it shouldnt have happened. Blame is the question that repeatedly comes up over and over again. Should there be blame placed, who should take the blame, or is there to many things to blame to even begin to deal with? Following orders, unidentified enemies, the frustration of the Vietnam War, a looming sense of revenge, and the inexperience and youth of the soldiers, seem to come up again and again. These explanations got many soldiers out of being convicted of war crimes, but should anyone get out of mass murdering a group of women, children, and old men? In Meadlos testimony he was asked if the babies laying in the ditches, in their mothers arms, posed a threat to potentially attack. His answer of, I expected at any moment they were about to make a counterbalance. (Linder) was obviously ridiculous and gave the soldiers confusion of who the enemy was less credibility. Although it seems quite obvious that the men knew what they were doing, which wasnt killing a threatening enemy, there was just too many people involved in too confusing a situation to point the finger at any ce rtain person or persons. It can be said that the Vietnam War was a just plain bad situation for the United States to be in, especially by 1971, which was when the trials took place. The blame could keep going upwards, eventually landing on the president for putting the soldiers out in the jungles of an un-winnable war. In conclusion, there are just too many people and too many things to place blame easily for this disturbing event. So the easy road was taken, just do not let this happen again. The military took time out to think about their training of soldiers. Commanders sent troops in the Desert storm operation into battle with the words, No My Laisyou hear? (Linder) History is said to be good for one reason- to learn from past mistakes so they will not be repeated, and that is a very good lesson to learn from My Lai and one that all hope was, in fact, learned. Works Cited Chafe, William H. The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 199 9. Goff, Richard, et al. The Twentieth Century: A Brief Global History. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Linder, Doug. An Introduction to the My Lai Courts Martial. Famous American Trails: The My Lai Courts Martial, 1970. 15 Nov. 1999 faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/Myl_intro.html. Olson, James S., and Randy Roberts. My Lai: A Brief History With Documents. Boston: Bedford, 1998 Notes on the metamorphosis Essay

Interpersonal and E-Communication for Business Communication

Question: Discuss about theInterpersonal and E-Communication for Business Communication. Answer: Social network has impacted the way of business communication by rapid change in technologies. Social media is an appropriate way of communication for businesses as it allows businesses to convey their concerns and reach to large number of stakeholders. For any business to work easily with their clients, communication is the key concern. The ways of communication have changed from last 20 years this is because of progress in innovation (Slideshare,2017). In the 21st century communication is done through social media which has expanded the net revenues and additionally online activity. Social media has allowed business to make their place in market. In the old communication technique businesses didn't know about how to access to online instalments or how to communicate using new innovations. In the current scenario social media has turned out to be so impactful as everybody depends on communicating through online networking (Parveen, Jaafar and Ainin, 2015). Modern communication has changed the business world development from last couple of years as it has made business rely on web-based social networking, internet, quick feedback methodology, online instalments and numerous approaches so that they get more customers to the business In 19's the communication use to be through TV, magazines, telephone calls or press source. Feedback methodology was very poor for business in traditional days as if any trouble was identified in an item it was difficult to provide the solution and there were no alternatives available (Ngai, Tao and Moon, 2015). In 20's social media has turned the feedback method adaptable. This is made conceivable by use of social media as it has provided a platform to extend their business. Communication has turned out to be simple as it has provided a way for forward and backward communication within seconds with clients that helps in extending the business. Social media is the best approach to remain connected with client s entire day and give instant feedbacks. Network-based business communication has expanded the business in the global world. The complete production process of a business is managed electronically which helps a business to work proficiently. Social media can negatively affect a business as customers can post negative comments which may destroy the reputation of business (Makara Fuller, et. al, 2015). Considering a case, an organization has started an online business of offering different items throughout the world. For instance, considering the case of Amazon that gives a fast glance of considerable number of items to everyone. Amazon has extended the business because of the use of online networking as it enables client to get the items from any edge of the world. Also, it has provided an easy way to understand the client as social media has offered a user friendly platform were clients can request questions or give feedback in regarding to an item. The communication between the cli ents has become smooth due to social media and has increased consumer loyalty. Amazon can improve their business by working on the feedback given by the clients. Aside from that Amazon has extended because of social media as they can promote their item and administrations by web-based social networking stages (Hatfield, 2017). Moreover, social media has helped in enhancing the net revenue of the business. Social media has helped businesses to communicate easily and share their interests and act as a personalised media platform. Social media allows business communication by offering feedback, receive information and share ideas. It helps the business to interact with the target market and interact with your customers. Social media improve responsiveness of business as customers raise their voice regarding the problem and managers work on them. Social media helps the business in engaging the customers by enhancing marketing strategies and ensure that marketing strategies can be implemented (Mikulincer, et.al, 2015). It boosts the online traffic and increases the profit of business. As more no of customers means more profit. Social media has provided the way to get more customers and reach to wider audience. Social media can be seen as a business tool as it increase number of customers ad can be used for communication .Business communication is important for every business as it helps in planning powerful campaigns and improving the communication between individual by building strong relationships between the staff. Powerful business communication helps in concentrating on the external market and thinking about the ways to overcome the issues. According to the research it can be stated that business communication can be effective if it is a two way process. In the case of amazon communication is in both ways, as administrator can send message with respect to any issue and clients can give their feedback and this is made possible by social media (Rodriguez, Peterson and Ajjan, 2015). Communication in a business is possible through email, instant message, voice calls or automated assistants but still the most impactful way of communication is social media. Using social media as a source of business communication has proved to be beneficial as fundamentally it is used to promote the item. The communication in a business can occur between organizations. Feasible communication helps a business to encourage and know how to enhance the execution of an association. Social media helps business as it offers low cost marketing and interface for users to interact easily. Additionally, it provides easy customer support by targeting the customers. It has impacted the business by offering visual marketing and improving the marketing plans by offering the services and making a market friendly environment. It has always reduced the communication cost as social media platforms have allowed to make effective business calls (Mcmullen,2017). Social media lets the brand get connected to customers whole day long. It build professional brand name and maintain professional relationship with customers. Social media helps the business grow wider and expand the business by geo targeting the m arket which in turn controls the cost of marketing and increases the sales. This has impacted the business by building marketing research and building customer relation. Social media helps in business communication as it provides a way to share information between enterprises to achieve commercial benefits. Social media refers to have business communication to promote their services to potential consumers. Social media has helped business in building customers through network. Social media has impacted the business as it offers wider audience and helps in bringing traffic to the website. It also creates brand identity and offer choices to customers to share their views and comment on the products (Louise, et. al, 2016). Communication through social media helps the business to be recognized globally. Social media helps the business to be expanded. It helps in promoting their services in remote zones, as multinational organizations have workplaces in different areas, so to share their views online networking is utilized. Social media provides an open communication between the workers which helps in building trust among representatives. The positive workplace helps in decreasing the vulnerability (Hudson, et. al, 2016). Also social media helps in working in a team successfully and work with greater profitability. Online networking has given a way to share their views and resolve the issues. It also keeps the data updated with the goal that the data can be accessible from anyplace round the globe. Social media can be seen as a negative impact also in business as it have increased the consumer power as they have got the rights to post anything and anywhere which may impact the reputation of business. Add itionally, it is difficult to track the misleading statements and sometimes it may spoil the confidentiality of information (Godey, et. al, 2016). Social media channels can be hacked by unauthorized user and they can be difficult to be tracked. Communication not just means verbal correspondence but social networking is a stage through which communication is possible with any sort of individuals and removes diverse culture from an organisation. Promotion is one of the approaches used for business communication as they portray the whole story to get more clients. So, if the manager of the organization is in different country and he need to be reached for some work; online networking is the channel that has made this communication conceivable (Fardouly, et. al, 2015). Social media management empowers the business by managing the team and sharing the information using distributed social channels from one location to another. It enables the opportunities to business at deeper level by building relationships globally. In most basis sense social media is a tool used to connect, publish and manage. According to the research it can be stated that 85% of consumers have changed their behaviour in response to social media content (Bala krishnan, Dahnil and Yi, 014). It is critical to have effective communication a business as it advances inspiration among employee by training them about their assignments and the telling them bout the change that should be done. It likewise improves the basic leadership control and breaking down the strategies. In any business powerful communication can help in substituting the individual state of mind towards work. Social media helps in knowing what the competitors are doing and the reason they have become popular. It also provides a platform for business meets and allow people to communicate and discuss regarding various issues. Social media was has impacted the business v. It plays an essential role for business as it increases the traffic and helps the business to come in top results. Social media has impacted the business as they can monitor the relationship with their customers and build awareness to retain them for longer run. It also helps in publishing the content to next level. Social media has impacted the business as they have changed the strategies of business in different ways. Social media has allowed the business to make their brand name more prcised and provide different ways to communicate with customers. Social media has allowed business to make online communities which has helped in increasing their sale as they share their information online. Social media has discovered new ways to communicate and helped in implementing market strategies. Previously business relied on only marketing tactics which were slow now with the use of social media business can inform their customers instantly. Social media has helped the business to remain connected to consumers as they now do not wait for writing a letter or calling but they directly communicate with the business using social media. Business use social media t cost their information and gets opinions from customers. It is beneficial for small businesses as they help in getting reviews from customer so th at they can make modification to improve their business. Social media impacts the business as they perceived the business brand. They maintain good connections by providing great exposure (Wamba and Carter, 2016). It provides a powerful marketing platform for free and facilities online discussion to gain valuable inputs. It helps the business to stay connected with the customers. Social helped not only helped in promoting their services but also improved internal communication and helped in reaching customers feedback. It provided visibility and branding of the services by supporting the presence of a business online. Social media helped business in knowing their market place which in turn helped in controlling their services. Thus it can be concluded that social media has impacted the business in both positive and negative way. It helps to engage more customers by using digital marketing strategies. In short it helps in boosting the traffic towards the business by providing best services to the user. On the other hand it increases the chances of malicious attacks and violating the confidentiality of businesses. Reference list Balakrishnan, B.K., Dahnil, M.I. and Yi, W.J. (2014) The impact of social media marketing medium toward purchase intention and brand loyalty among generation Y.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,148, pp.177-185. Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P.C., Vartanian, L.R. and Halliwell, E. (2015) Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood.Body Image,13, pp.38-45. Godey, B., Manthiou, A., Pederzoli, D., Rokka, J., Aiello, G., Donvito, R. and Singh, R. (2016) Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior.Journal of business research,69(12), pp.5833-5841. Hatfield, E.F. (2017) Narrative learning using podcasts in interpersonal communication.Communication Teacher, pp.1-7. Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M.S. and Madden, T.J. (2016) The influence of social media interactions on consumerbrand relationships: A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors.International Journal of Research in Marketing,33(1), pp.27-41 Louise, S., Paul, R., Mark, F. and Rob, W. (2016)E-communication skills: A guide for primary care. CRC Press. Makara Fuller, K.A., Fishman, B., Karabenick, S.A. and Teasley, S. (2015) Students interpersonal connections with peers and staff at the start of higher education. Mcmullen,A.(2017).How Does Social Media Affect Retail Businesses?.Available from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/social-media-affect-retail-businesses-39275.htmlAccessed on 29 april 2018. Mikulincer, M.E., Shaver, P.R., Simpson, J.A. and Dovidio, J.F. (2015)APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 3: Interpersonal relations. American Psychological Association. Ngai, E.W., Tao, S.S. and Moon, K.K. (2015) Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), pp.33-44. Parveen, F., Jaafar, N.I. and Ainin, S. (2015) Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), pp.67-78. Rodriguez, M., Peterson, R.M. and Ajjan, H. (2015) CRM/social media technology: impact on customer orientation process and organizational sales performance. InIdeas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old(pp. 636-638). Springer, Cham. Slideshare,(2017).social-medias-effect-on-business-communication.Available from https://www.slideshare.net/aayushi1997/social-medias-effect-on-business-communicationAccessed on 29 april 2018. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R. (2014) Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Wamba, S.F. and Carter, L. (2016) Social media tools adoption and use by SMEs: An empirical study. InSocial Media and Networking: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 791-806). IGI Global.