Religious Charities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strict Charities - Essay Example For example, star decision bunches use network backing, lawful activity and government funded instruction in ensuring the woman’s decision to deal with her regenerative decision while against decision, particularly strict causes, utilize the equivalent to debilitate fetus removal as a result of their sacrosanct and virtues. In any case, the nearness of these community associations is seen as key to achievement of a vote based framework (Berry and Jeffrey, 2005). There are profound contentions over qualities happened in the philanthropic segment around strict convictions, moral obligation and individual right, just as the partition of the state and the congregation. Then again, the effect of strict causes in the public arena is significant and long haul. Strict causes give the otherworldly needs of individuals and secure the strict creed and beliefs. Social, just as wellbeing administrations, emergencies care, and support exercises, kid care, just as psychotherapy, are generally benefits given by strict causes. What's more, they sway on city abilities to their devotees who figure out how to group and unite for basic closures; for example, casting a ballot a specific way. In the U.S., there has existed proceeding with banter on the disjointing of chapel and the state (Ehrlich and Clotfelter, 1999). Most strict elements fall outside the administration administrative system for charitable associations; they are absolved from charge derivations on commitments. This has raised a discussion over the real effect of isolating religion and state. Generally, strict elements, as long as they offered administrations under government contracts, used to be allowed to screen and oversee, in contrast to mainstream substances (Boris and Eugene, 2006). As strict pioneers progressed altruistic decisions, it worked out that expanded government income was joined by government interest for responsibility and consistence with the set down gauges. They understood that

Bergala Resorts Assesment of Tourism with Sustainable Managment of Environmental Resources

â€Å"An Earth Lung Destination† A Private Land in the Dadayampola Village, Thiruwanakanda, Beragala An Assessment of Tourism with Sustainable Management of Environmental Resources †- Sustainable advancement through recovery and re-planting programs - drawing in and supporting networks - including the neighborhood network in creating salary age programs - Local ecological, financial, and personal satisfaction benefits - Protecting species and their natural surroundings - eco cognizant path building - planting therapeutic plants/herbs Future Environmental Programs - bio fills - hydro power - carbon preservation Report For Alpha and Omega Developers Pvt Limited 102/3 Dharmapala Mawatha, Colombo 07 March 2007 STUDY TEAM Dr. Gamini Hitinayake, Team Leader/Forestry Specialist, (Senior Lecturer/University of Peradeniya), Mr. K. B. Ranawana, Flora and Fauna Specialist (Senior Lecturer/University of Peradeniya), Mr. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, Geologist (National Building Research Organization), Mr. Pradeep Samarawickrama (Fauna Specialist), Mr. Alahakoon (Flora Specialist), Mr. Amila Ranasinghe (Flora Specialist), Mr. P. R. S. D. Bandaranayake (Flora Specialist). Study Team Name/Expertise Dr. Gamini Hitinayake, Team Leader/Forestry Specialist, (Senior Lecturer/University of Peradeniya) see www. pdn. air conditioning. lk for additional subtleties. . He is a notable and a main Forestry Specialist in Sri Lanka. Mr. K. B. Ranawana, Fauna Specialist (Senior Lecturer/University of Peradeniya). see www. pdn. air conditioning. lk for additional subtleties. He is a notable and driving Fauna Specialist in Sri Lanka. Mr. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, Geologist (National Building Research Organization-NBRO) He is filling in as a senior geologist appended to NBRO. He is notable and driving Geologist in Sri Lanka. Mr. V. A. M. P. K Samarawickrama (Fauna Specialist) Experience as a Fauna Specialist: †¢Bio-decent variety study ,Phase two - Upper kotmale Hydropower Project , directed by IUCN-Sri Lanka. †¢Bio-decent variety assesment-2004, Rakawa,Ussangoda and Kalamatiya Sanctuaries,conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka. †¢Fauna review (Horton Plain National Park, Knuckles FR, Bundala National park). Mr. A. M. D. B. Alahakoon (Flora Specialist) Experience as a Flora Specialist: †¢Flora group, Seasonal variety and accessibility of food inclinations by herbivore in Udawalawa National Park, Conducted by University of Peradeniya. Mr. Amila Ranasinghe (Flora Specialist) Experience as a Flora Specialist: †¢Flora group †Bio-decent variety survey,Phase two - Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project, directed by IUCN-Sri Lanka Mr. P. R. S. D. Bandaranayake (Flora Specialist) Presently filling in as a Technical Officer allocated for distinguishing proof of vegetation and helping ranger service look into Experience as a Flora Specialist: Worked 06 years at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya as a Gardener. 1. Presentation 1. 1 Eco-the travel industry Tourism dependent on the common environmental highlights of the zone rather than fabricated attractions or highlights like old fortresses and structures is alluded to as ecotourism. This nature the travel industry advances protection and supports practical turn of events. Ecologically capable travel and appearance to moderately undisturbed regular regions, so as to appreciate, consider and acknowledge nature and any going with social highlights that advance preservation, have a negative appearance affect and accommodate significant helpful dynamic financial contribution of neighborhood populaces. Under the correct conditions, ecotourism has demonstrated to be one of the best way to back biodiversity preservation. In most rich biodiversity zones, real income streams for ecotourism are better than non-timber backwoods items and biopharmacy, and similar just to agroforestry. Since the commanding area use in secured territories and support zones is agribusiness and ranger service, ecotourism is an open door for the formation of extra pay to ranchers/foresters and to create monetary methods for the administration of ensured zones, particularly where legislative park the executives offices have little assets. 1. 2 Agrotourism and Agro-ecotourism : The harmonious connection among the travel industry and agribusiness that can be found in agrotourism (I. e. occasions on farmland) is a key component of an earth and socially capable the travel industry in rustic territories. Rustic friendliness offers new work and pay creating open doors for provincial populaces, including agrotourism as articulation and social trade of rural practices, aesthetic legacy and craftsmanship and culinary customs. Agrotourism may take a few structures: occasion ranches, farmhouse quaint little inn, ranch outdoors, mountain resorts, equestrian focuses and different types of rustic lodging. Such offices are a creative installment framework for ecological administrations produced close by horticultural terrains While ecotourism is nature-based and agrotourism is ranch based, agro-ecotourism is a mix of both. The country scene, typically a mix of wild and agro-environments, is the most significant asset for the travel industry advancement. Clearly a differentiated farming scene, with semi-characteristic environments, has a more noteworthy stylish and recreational potential over uniform, debased and additionally dirtied horticultural zones. In Europe, agri-ecological strategies regularly advanced natural agrarian exercises as a best methods for scene preservation: for instance, the European Union Life Environment venture run by the French Federation of Parks and Reserves embraced broad creature cultivation to forestall the negative effects of unmanaged timberlands on some organic knoll species and to advance a scene quality alluring to vacationers. Models from the Alpine Region indicated that horticulture (e. g. in Carinthia, Austria) kept up a natural worth substantially more appealing to sightseers than regions where agribusiness exercises were very decreased. Tropical nations that harbor phenomenal biodiversity have an undiscovered potential for producing the travel industry business around biodiversity-rich ranches. For instance, conceal cacao and espresso ranches have a higher biodiversity than woods environments: families could get cash for guests access to their territory for feathered creature watching or could be effectively associated with the agro-ecotour. Agro-ecotourism in specific areas gives a solid financial motivator to little ranchers to focus on biodiversity-accommodating agribusiness the executives. 2. Segments of the undertaking: PROPOSED AGRI TOURISM ACTIVITIES. Over night Stay: †Lodging and Camping †¢Bed and Breakfast just with natural nourishments. †¢Herbal Tea and other Herbal Drinks, for example, Centella/Ranawara/Rose/Beli and so on. †¢Camp destinations. †¢Stay in Log Cabins. †¢Rental Cabins for day trip/picnics . †¢Wedding, Reception and Honeymoons. Off the ranch †¢Farmers Markets. †¢Road side produce stands. †¢Udawalawe/Kataragama/Hill Country. †¢Tea Gardens and Factories †¢Cinnamon Gardens †¢Historical locales †¢Samanalawewa repository/Dam. †¢Landslides Recreation exercises and occasions †¢Organic Vegetable Cultivations. †¢Picturesque wildernesses/savanna lands. Angling †¢Identification of verdure/fauna. †¢Tea tasting. †¢Sludge holding lakes. †¢Natural stones houses. †¢Hiking. †¢Rock climbing. †¢Bird viewing. †¢Meditation. Other planting exercises: †¢Medicinal Garden †¢Botanical Garden †¢Road sid e planting †¢Kumbuk †¢Aricanuts †¢Jak †¢Palm. †¢Aloe Vera. Network administration extends Some part of the venture salary could be spent on the network administration ventures. †¢Schools †¢Playground †¢Community focus †¢Water flexibly for nearby network †¢Electricity for neighborhood network †¢Any other since quite a while ago felt needs as distinguished by the nearby network 3. Approach: An overview was led in the proposed land between 28th December 2006 and fifteenth January 2007 so as to assess the capability of the proposed land for ecotourism. A group of masters in the fields of ranger service, greenery, fauna and geography took part in the review. 4. Discoveries of the examination 4. 1 Location and access: The proposed land can be gotten to from Balangoda by means of Kaltota, Meddabedda and from Beragala intersection through Tiriwanagama. The proposed land is situated in the Badulla locale. 4. 2 Climate and soil: The proposed land falls in the mid nation moderate zone of Sri Lanka, all the more explicitly its inside the IM2b agro-biological locale. The 75% yearly precipitation hope of the region is more than 1600 mm (Agro-biological guide of Sri Lanka, 2003). The height is roughly 200-300m above mean ocean level. The precipitation conveyance of the region is with the end goal that mid January to February and June to Mid September is dry, while different months of the year are wet. The examination territory has an extremely steep, uneven and moving landscape. Table 1. Dry/wet months Dadayampola. MonthMAMJJASONDJF Wet/dry monthsWWW DDDD/WWWWW/DD Cropping season**********†The dirts of the investigation region is comprises of Reddish Brown Latosolic, Immature Brown Loam, Red Yellow Podzolics and Low Humic Gley in the low lying regions. The physical attributes of these dirts are moderate to profound, all around depleted and generally less defenseless for soil disintegration. 4. 3 Land Use: Land use in the proposed land is appeared in the Table 1. This shows the vast majority of the land is secured with regular vegetation. This characteristic vegetation, lopsided geology and normal streams that moving through and flanking the land have offered ascend to differing scope of territories and eco-units. These scene characters have made this proposed land having such a large amount of biodiversity and visual enhancement. Whenever grew appropriately this land could be made into a heaven for eco-visitors. The abundance of biodiversity recorded in various land use is talked about in an alternate segment. Tab

Brurrito Essay Research Paper Chris Cronk2nd hour free essay sample

Brurrito Essay, Research Paper Chris Cronk second hr Writing for College Dr. Strauch Burrito Have you ever been eating a burrito and had its full substance spill all over your clothes? When you were eating that burrito did it gustatory sensation rather tasteless? All things considered, permit me state you how we make a burrito the Taco Bell way! It will adjust your situation on how you make burritos everlastingly. To do this burrito I am referencing to, you should initially get these undermentioned focuses: 1 pack of 10? - inch burrito shells, 1 jar of refried beans, 1 pack of ground cheddar, 1 caput of boodle, 1 tomato, 1 white onion, 1 shower of foul pick, ? lb of land chow, and 1 container of pacante sauce. ( You will non use the entirety of the fixings on the off chance that you make simply one burrito. ) You should initially happen the best possible utensils and a fit topographic point to fix the supplement. A cutting board would be best for the preparing. We will compose a custom exposition test on Brurrito Essay Research Paper Chris Cronk2nd hour or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Other than assemble a griddle, spatula, spoon, and a fresh blade. The entirety of the fixings should premier be cut, cooked, and parceled before the gathering of the completed burrito. Cuting the veggies will be your following measure. Utilizing the blade, take the caput of boodle and shred into little square shapes. Be cautious non to cut yourself. Following put aside the boodle and take the tomato and onion. Cut them into centimeter expansive balls and be sure non to mix together. In the event that you like to hold the tomato and onion into littler balls, simply cut littler. Leave these fixings isolated for the time being, and saved. It is currently tim nutrient E to warm the meat and refried beans. Open your container of beans. At that point take the spoon and put the beans in a miniaturized scale wavable compartment. Warmth on high for 2-3 proceedingss. Leave in microwave when done so it remains hot. Following get your griddle and topographic point it on the range, so turn the range on high. From that point onward, take your defrosted land meat and topographic point in the skillet. With the spatula, thump until it is a slender bed at the underside of the container. Let sit for a moment, thus mix a little. Proceed with this system until the meat is dull earthy colored. Mood killer go and permit sit for the moment. You currently have the entirety of the key fixings expected to do a burrito a similar way as Taco Bell. All there is left to make is to do the burrito. First take a flour tortilla and lay it level on a command post. Spread 1.5oz of beans on the tortilla. Following put 1.5oz of land meat on the beans. Pour 1oz of pacante sauce over the inside. Utilizing your fingers, squeeze about.50oz of boodle. Put the boodle in a line down the middle so each nibble you take will hold a little of everything. Following spoon onto the burrito.50oz of tomatoes and.50oz of onions. Attempt non to set them across the board topographic point either. Finally dispersed.75oz of malodorous pick as well as can be expected over the entire thing. Roll the tortilla cautiously, doing certain the fixings wear? t harvest time out. Overlay the base upward. You are authoritatively wrapped up your first burrito! It might take somewhat more clasp to do than Taco Bell, yet it tastes the equivalent and should be possible for a lot less expensive! Utilize this recipe clasp and clasp again and you will ever hold a decent burrito. Appreciate!

Essay Examples For Fire Safety

Essay Examples For Fire SafetyIf you have never looked at essay samples for your final essay, then you might want to give it a shot. They are easy to find online and they are free. Once you see one that you like, consider saving it for your final essay.Essay samples can be found all over the internet so that is no reason not to look them up. You can often find them on websites that offer general education. These sites are not necessarily college-based but you can always find them in that category.Many essays require that you use an essay writing software program or practice in writing a final essay so that you know exactly what to do. This is a good idea because you want to be able to get it right the first time. When you see your essay is like a drab grey tablecloth and not the beautiful array of colours you were expecting, take a good long look at it. The colourless chapter card might just have something interesting on it that you missed the first time.Many essays need a little bit of embellishment and if you see that you have embellished it then you may want to think about changing your essay a little bit. Or you may find that you need to go back and reword some things to make them flow better.Perhaps you will find that your essay needs to have a few more paragraphs. Again, the essay sample may be helpful. Or, perhaps you might even make a few slight changes to the way you word your essay.As you can see, essay samples for fire safety are available. They are available online, so if you would like to save them then check the library. When you are online, you can quickly compare some different essay samples to your own and see which ones appeal to you the most.Just a little extra thought about the essay sample you are using is usually worth a lot in the end. Just remember that you need to be sure you are going to use your essay as a personal statement.

Identifying The Ethical Dilemma Of The Medical Settings

Identifying the Ethical Dilemma In current medical settings, complex ethical dilemmas do arise as a result of advancing treatment techniques and increasingly diverse patient value systems† (Ito Natsume, 2016). After reviewing the case, it is clear that there is an ethical dilemma and it can be seen from different perspectives. The dilemma is if the 6-year-old child should be given treatment or not by the physician in the hospital, without the consent of the child’s mother. The doctor who diagnosed the child with meningitis is in a dilemma. The professional ethics in medicine require that physicians should undertake the diagnosis and treatment of their patient, however, they should not administer treatment without the consent of their patient. In this case, since the patient is a minor child, the consent must be sought from the parents. The child’s mother is a Christian scientist and not the child’s biological parent. On religious grounds, she insists that the child should not receive any medical treatment. Upon asking for permission, the biological father consents to the treatment and seeks independent consultation from another physician. He is ethically right in asking for the treatment of his child. Otherwise, his child would not receive the treatment needed; the father has a right to assure the well-being of his biological child. At the same time, the school also has an assumed an ethical responsibility to make sure the child s meningitis has received the properShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Dilemma Of Hepatitis Sachs Disease1335 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals are involved in conflicting decisions to progress to a solution. The ethical dilemma may conflict with acceptable morals or behaviors but to resolve the paradox a decision has to be made. D.B.’s parents are faced with an ethical dilemma when they discover their son has an incurable disease. They could allow the illness to take its course or seek a form of treatment to slow its progression. Ethical Dilemma D.B. was born May 30, 1999, with a condition most commonly known throughout the EasternRead MoreEthical Framework1199 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: EITHICAL FRAMEWORK Ethical Framework Grand Canyon University: NRS437V June 14, 2010 Ethical Framework As a professional health care worker, the implication confidentiality breach regarding ethical dilemmas are significant to nurse and patient. The information disclosed can cause problems on a personal and professional level. Breach of confidentiality occurs when the heath care work discloses the patient s medical or personal information without the patient s informed writtenRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of A Cloud Of Grey Uncertainty1250 Words   |  5 Pagesa cloud of grey uncertainty, there are many situations that are blemished in the profession of nursing. 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When physicians cannot reach an agreed upon resolution in care between a ll parties involved (patient/surrogate, caregiver, or clinician)Read MoreEvaluation Of A Research Design1601 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the broad categories of research designs, in which the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally, no external variable are introduced. It is a research design in which variables are not deliberately manipulated, nor is the setting controlled. In nonexperimental research, researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments. Nonexperimental designs can be used to conduct a study are as follows: †¢ The studies in which the independent variables cannot beRead MoreEthics And The Canadian Nurses Association2079 Words   |  9 PagesCollege of Registered Nurses of British Columbia (2013) regulate Canadian nurses by providing appropriate practice standards to ensure competent and ethical nursing in British Columbia. Part of this mandate is for nurses to follow the Canadian Nurses Association (2008) ‘Code of Ethics’ that states, Canadian registered nurses, shall be upheld to a code of ethical values and performance to regulate professional â€Å"relationships, responsibilities, behaviours and decision making† (p. 2). Furthermore this ‘CodeRead MoreThe Safety And Efficacy Of Drugs1388 Words   |  6 PagesThere are clear benefits to conducting trials in countries which are still developing. These include exchange of information among medical organizations globally and answering questions about the safety and efficacy of drugs that are of interest th roughout the world, but at the same time, the globalization of clinical trials raises ethical concerns. Regulatory bodies are often structured to monitor the quality of clinical trial data and the safety of drugs and devices in their domestic markets. They

Harsher Punishment For Child Abusers Essay - 1442 Words

Harsher Punishment for Child Abusers There are many children with loving parents and amazing homes, but not all children are that lucky. Some children live in a home where physical, sexual, or emotional abuse is suffered at the hands of their parents, a caregiver, or a trusted adult. Child abuse has been a major problem for decades and is a global problem. Because child abuse is such a global problem, one would think the punishment would be a simple solution – a child abuser should be punished to the fullest extent of the law. According to research, however, â€Å"only 15% of convicted family members received a term of imprisonment, compared to 28% of friends or acquaintances and 23% of strangers. These results support previous research that has indicated that offenders who are related to the victim often receive less harsh sentences than those who are non-family.† (Gannon, p 15) Children of abuse live in their own prison created by the perpetrators and perpetrators sho uld be made to reside in an actual prison. According to Fred Clasen-Kelly of the Charlotte Observer, â€Å"more than 1,000 reports of child abuse and neglect pour into Mecklenburg County DSS each month, often involving corporal punishment.† (Clasen- Kelly, p 1) Of those reports, it is the county’s responsibility to decide if charges are filed against the perpetrator, which is determined on a case-by-case basis. There has long been the argument of spanking versus not spanking. Parents are allowed to use a certainShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cruelty Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopmental problem can help prevent future violent behaviors. 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That is not always the case with female sex abusers, who are ignored or disregarded. John L. Smith reports in his Las Vegas Newspaper article, Justice doesn t always cut through gender bias, sexuality, the case of two former teachers; Mary Kay LeTourneau and Jack David Patton. LeTourneau was a grade school teacher, until she was exposed for being involvedRead MoreJuveniles And The Criminal Justice System1594 Words   |  7 Pagesage. However, trying juveniles as adults for violent crimes is a trend that is on the rise. Age is supposed to be a deterrent for placing those under 18 on trial and giving them stiffer punishments that are often reserved for adults. Many debate whether or not juveniles really should have less severe punishments or if trying some juveniles as adults will lower juvenile crime rates. Consider some relevant examples: †¢ In the so-called â€Å"Slender Man stabbing,† two 12-year-old girls told authorities

Canon Business Analysis free essay sample

In 1925, a German camera maker named Oskar Barnack, developed a new, ground-breaking camera called the Leica. It was not until 1933 that a company responded to the success of Barnack’s creation and produced their own 35 millimeter version of his innovative design. Thus was born the Canon Company. By the 1950’s, Canon attained the title of leading producer of cameras in Japan. Since that time, Canon has made it a point to expand and diversify their company as much as possible. They are able to accomplish this primarily through a strong Research and Development program. Through this program, Canon has explored many different technologies such as home electronics and x-ray technology. One of the first product areas they explored was in the electronic calculator segment. Due to the complex nature of the technology, Canon’s engineers were forced to adapt and develop the intricate micro-electric processors that were being used. They were very successful in doing this. In late 1964, one year after their research started, Canon engineers presented top management with the finished product, the Canola 130. This product became the world’s first 10-key numeric pad calculator. However, Canon has not always succeeded in their endeavors. With every triumph comes a failure. One such instance was a printing device that utilized magnetic material that would coat the paper. They called this the Synchroreader. Although it was touted for its use of technology, the application, it was not patented. Another company took the design, improved it, and made it more affordable. Canon learned its lesson after that instance. Body In 1961, a new technology was developed by the Xerox Corporation. In the following years, with the success of their model 914 office copier, Xerox would enjoy a reported ninety three percent market share world wide. Xerox also had the advantage in that they held approximately five hundred patents. This tactic prevented other companies from intruding on their Plain Paper Copier (PPC) technology. Canon entered the market late in the 1960’s and was looked at with a skeptical eye. They were the â€Å"camera company from Japan† (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 75) and were not looked at as serious contenders in the photocopy market. Due to the PPC market being cornered by Xerox and their numerous patents, Canon instead moved into the Coated Paper Copying (CPC) market. This technology transfers the reflection of the original image directly to the special zinc oxide coated paper. This is in direct contrast from the PPC technology which uses regular paper and indirectly transfers the image using a rotating drum and charged particles. A similar technology is still being used in fax and photocopiers today. In 1962, while still in the inferior Coated Paper Copying and marketing under a separate name, the Top Management of Canon challenged their engineers to create a PPC process that would not infringe upon the patents held by Xerox. The engineers answered with the â€Å"New Process† in 1968 and became the first copier to carry the Canon name. Two years later the research came to fruition when the NP1100 was released in Japan. This model utilized dry toner and copied at a whopping rate of ten pages per minute. This, of course, is slow by today’s standards. Canon had finally broken into the PPC market. Riding on the success of this new technology, Canon released the NPL7 in 1972, marketing it exclusively to Japanese companies. This model contained several noticeable improvements over the first generation NP1100. Most notably is that the model was â€Å"More economical, more compact, more reliable,† while still keeping the same quality of copy. (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 77) Canon’s Top Management began looking for alternative markets for the Plain Paper Copier in the latter half of the 1970’s. The small office market was identified as Canon’s next target market. They devised a plan to accommodate this market by producing a photocopier, using PPC technology, and offering it to small businesses that did not require the large volume, high speed machines that were currently being offered on the market. The concept itself had the potential to change the market by decentralizing the office photocopier. Prior to this innovation, the photocopier in large offices were centralized to one corner of the office, primarily due to its mammoth size. In 1979, Canon’s concept became a resounding reality. They were able to produce a photocopier that not only met and exceeded the cost and reliability targets that were set by Top Management, but in a more practical application, it was able to reduce the need for constant and continual copier maintenance. Based upon previous experience with patent law, Canon employed the use those laws to protect their new found development. Through the years, Canon has demonstrated several core competencies that have enabled them to propel themselves to the top of the market. First and foremost, Canon has employed a pool of extremely talented engineers who made up Canon’s Research and Development team. Through their research, Canon was able to uncover new and innovative products. This varied product line, which included cameras, calculators, and photocopiers, demonstrates Canon’s diversified product line. This diverse line of merchandise is integral to the company’s survival and has enabled Canon to take a multifaceted approach to technological competition. The more diverse type of products that are offered, the more chances there are for success. This has not always worked out in Canon’s favor however. An example of this would be in the development of the synchroreader. Although the technology was much more advanced than what was on the market, poor marketing decisions and an ignorance of United States patent laws cost Canon that share of the market. Since that time, Canon has taken a step by step approach to their marketing strategies. This is especially apparent with the development and marketing of the NP110 copier. They began by distributing the unit in Japan only in a direct sales format. In doing so a company opens themselves up to the threat of collapse due to spreading themselves too thin. Secondly, we can surmise that an isolated marketing strategy, such as the one that Canon employed when marketing their copier to local Japanese dealers first, will be more effective in the long run. By distributing the product locally at first you can focus on close to home customers rather than across seas customers. Finally, a truly cost effective manufacturing process can be more beneficial at times than the products that come off the assembly lines themselves.

Management Accounting Project Report Cvp Analysis for a Firm Under Expansion Phase Essay Example

Management Accounting Project Report Cvp Analysis for a Firm Under Expansion Phase Paper The CVP analysis helps in taking more than one decisions in a firm. How would you substantiate this statement for a unit under expansion phase| | Abstract Companies commonly face major uncertainties in their product markets, particularly in the manufacturing industry where competition is often fierce and consumer tastes change rapidly. Managers need to estimate future revenues, costs, and profits to help them plan and monitor operations and to decide the mix and volumes of goods or services to produce and sell. They also use this information to evaluate profitability risk. Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is the technique used to identify the levels of operating activity needed to avoid losses, achieve targeted profits, plan future operations, decide on expansion or contraction plans, monitor organizational performance and analyze operational risk as they choose an appropriate cost structure to help in the decision making process to sustain the firm. Table of Contents Introduction4 Marginal Cost Equations and CVP Analysis9 Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Relationship in Graphic Form14 Applications of Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Concepts17 CVP Analysis Illustrations Unit in Expansion Mode19 Illustration 119 Illustration 222 References28 Introduction To assist planning and decision making, management should know not only the budgeted profit, but also: * the output and sales level at which there would neither profit nor loss (break-even point) * the amount by which actual sales can fall below the budgeted sales level, without a loss being incurred (the margin of safety) In marginal costing, marginal cost varies directly with the volume of production or output. On the other hand, fixed cost remains unaltered regardless of the volume of output within the scale of production already fixed by management. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Accounting Project Report Cvp Analysis for a Firm Under Expansion Phase specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management Accounting Project Report Cvp Analysis for a Firm Under Expansion Phase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management Accounting Project Report Cvp Analysis for a Firm Under Expansion Phase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In case if cost behaviour is related to sales income, it shows cost-volume-profit relationship. In net effect, if volume is changed, variable cost varies as per the change in volume. In this case, selling price remains fixed, fixed remains fixed and then there is a change in profit. Being a manager, you constantly strive to relate these elements in order to achieve the maximum profit. Cost – Volume profit Analysis is a logical extension of Marginal costing. It is based on the same principles of classifying the operating expenses into fixed and variable. CVP analysis is generally defined as a planning tool by which managers can evaluate the effect of a change(s) in price, volume, variable cost or fixed cost on profit. Additionally, CVP analysis is the basis for understanding contribution margin pricing, related short-run decisions, target costing and transfer pricing. Apart from profit projection, the concept of Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) is relevant to virtually all decision-making areas, particularly in the short run. The relationship among cost, revenue and profit at different levels may be expressed in graphs such as breakeven charts, profit volume graphs or in various statements forms. CVP Analysis helps managers understand the interrelationship between cost, volume, and profit in an  organization  by focusing on interactions among the following five elements:   1. Prices of products 2. Volume or level of activity 3. Per unit variable cost 4. Total fixed cost 5. Mix of product sold Earning of maximum profit is the ultimate goal of almost all business undertakings. Profit depends on a large number of factors, most important of which are the cost of manufacturing and the volume of sales. Both these factors are interdependent. Volume of sales depends upon the level of production i. e. volume of production and market forces which turns in related to costs. Management has no control over market. In order to achieve certain level of profitability, it has to exercise control and management of costs, mainly variable cost. This is because fixed cost is a non-controllable cost. In other words, it helps in locating the level of output which evenly breaks the cost and revenues used. In its broader sense, it means that system of analysis which determines profit, cost and sales value at different levels of output i. . it establishes the relationship of cost, volume and profit. CVP Analysis helps to find out the profitability of a product, department of division to have better product mix, for profit planning and to maximize the profit of a concern. The decisions can include such crucial areas as pricing policies, product mixes, market expansion or contractions, outsourcing contracts, idle plant usage, discretionary e xpenses planning and a variety of other important considerations in the planning process. Thus cost volume profit analysis furnishes the complete picture of the profit structure. When the firm is in expansion phase, Funds are provided for the major expansion of a company which has increasing sales volume and which is breaking even or which has achieved initial profitability. Funds are utilized for  further plant expansion, marketing, and working capital  or for development of an  improved product, a  new technology, or an  expanded product line. Cost-volume-profit analysis can answer a number of analytical questions. These include, for example: 1. What products to manufacture or sell? 2. What pricing policy to follow? 3. What marketing strategy to employ? 4. What type of productive facilities to acquire? Cost-volume-profit analysis can also answer many other â€Å"what if† type of questions. Cost-volume-profit analysis is one of the important techniques of cost and management accounting. Although it is simple, it is a powerful tool for planning of profits and therefore, of commercial operations. It provides an answer to â€Å"what if† theme by telling the volume required to be produced. Following are the three approaches to a CVP analysis: * Cost and revenue equations * Contribution margin * Profit graph Before going into further details on the above three approaches below is described, the broad objectives of CVP analysis and the assumptions thereof n attaining these objectives. Further the limitations of the CVP analysis are detailed, which will help determine when, where and in which situations CVP analysis can be applied effectively in the various decisions that a firm needs to make to continue functioning. Objectives of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 1. In order to fo recast profits accurately, it is essential to ascertain the relationship between cost and profit on one hand and volume on the other. 2. Cost-volume-profit analysis is helpful in setting up flexible budget which indicates cost at various levels of activities. . Cost-volume-profit analysis assists in evaluating performance for the purpose of control. 4. Such analysis may assist management in formulating pricing policies by projecting the effect of different price structures on cost and profit. Assumptions Following are the assumptions on which the theory of CVP is based: 1. The changes in the level of various revenue and costs arise only because of the changes in the number of product (or service) units produced and sold, e. g. , the number of television sets produced and sold by Sigma Corporation. The number of output (units) to be sold is the only revenue and cost driver. Just as a cost driver is any factor that affects costs, a revenue driver is any factor that affects revenue. 2. Total costs can be divided into a fixed component and a component that is variable with respect to the level of output. Variable costs include the following: * Direct materials * Direct labor * Direct chargeable expenses Variable overheads include the following: * Variable part of factory overheads * Administration overheads * Selling and distribution overheads 3. There is linear relationship between revenue and cost. 4. When put in a graph, the behavior of total revenue and cost is linear (straight line), i. e. Y = ax + b holds good which is the equation of a straight line. 5. The unit selling price, unit variable costs and fixed costs are constant. 6. The theory of CVP is based upon the production of a single product. However, of late, management accountants are functioning to give a theoretical and a practical approach to multi-product CVP analysis. 7. The analysis either covers a single product or assumes that the sales mix sold in case of multiple products will remain constant as the level of total units sold changes. . All revenue and cost can be added and compared without taking into account the time value of money. 9. The theory of CVP is based on the technology that remains constant. 10. The theory of price elasticity is not taken into consideration. Many companies, and divisions and sub-divisions of companies in industries such as airlines, automobiles, chemicals, plastics and semiconductor s have found the simple CVP relationships to be helpful in the following areas: * Strategic and long-range planning decisions * Decisions about product features and pricing In real world, simple assumptions described above may not hold good. The theory of CVP can be tailored for individual industries depending upon the nature and peculiarities of the same. For example, predicting total revenue and total cost may require multiple revenue drivers and multiple cost drivers. Some of the multiple revenue drivers are as follows: * Number of output units * Number of customer visits made for sales * Number of advertisements placed Some of the multiple cost drivers are as follows: * Number of units produced * Number of batches in which units are produced Managers and management accountants, however, should always assess whether the simplified CVP relationships generate sufficiently accurate information for predictions of how total revenue and total cost would behave. However, one may come across different complex situations to which the theory of CVP would rightly be applicable in order to help managers to take appropriate decisions under different situations. Limitations of Cost-Volume Profit Analysis The CVP analysis is generally made under certain limitations and with certain assumed conditions, some of which may not occur in practice. Following are the main assumptions and limitations therein of the cost-volume-profit analysis: 1. It is assumed that the production facilities anticipated for the purpose of cost-volume-profit analysis do not undergo any change. Such analysis gives misleading results if expansion or reduction of capacity takes place. 2. In case where a variety of products with varying margins of profit are manufactured, it is difficult to forecast with reasonable accuracy the volume of sales mix which would optimize the profit. 3. The analysis will be correct only if input price and selling price remain fairly constant which in reality is difficult to find. Thus, if a cost reduction program is undertaken or selling price is changed, the relationship between cost and profit will not be accurately depicted. 4. In cost-volume-profit analysis, it is assumed that variable costs are perfectly and completely variable at all levels of activity and fixed cost remains constant throughout the range of volume being considered. However, such situations may not arise in practical situations. . It is assumed that the changes in opening and closing inventories are not significant, though sometimes they may be significant. 6. Inventories are valued at variable cost and fixed cost is treated as period cost. Therefore, closing stock carried over to the next financial year does not contain any component of fixed cost. Inventory should be valued at full cost in reality. Sensitivity Analysis or What If Analysis and Uncertainty Sens itivity analysis is relatively a new term in management accounting. It is a â€Å"what if† technique that managers use to examine how a result will change if the original predicted data are not achieved or if an underlying assumption changes. In the context of CVP analysis, sensitivity analysis answers the following questions: 1. What will be the operating income if units sold decrease by 15% from original prediction? 2. What will be the operating income if variable cost per unit increases by 20%? The sensitivity of operating income to various possible outcomes broadens the perspective of management regarding what might actually occur before making cost commitments. Marginal Cost Equations and CVP Analysis Break even is the level of sales at which the profit is zero. Cost volume profit analysis is some time referred to simply as break even analysis. This is unfortunate because break even analysis is only one element of cost volume profit analysis. Break even analysis is designed to answer questions such as  How far sales could drop before the company begins to lose money? † From the marginal cost statements, one might have observed the following: Sales – Marginal cost = Contribution(1) Fixed cost + Profit = Contribution(2) By combining these two equations, we get the fundamental marginal cost equation as follows: Sales – Marginal cost = Fixed cost + Profit(3) This fundamental marginal cost equation plays a vital role in profit projection and has a wider application in managerial decision-making problems. The sales and marginal costs vary directly with the number of units sold or produced. So, the difference between sales and marginal cost, i. e. contribution, will bear a relation to sales and the ratio of contribution to sales remains constant at all levels. This is profit volume or P/V ratio. Thus, P/V Ratio (or C/S Ratio) = Contribution (C)Sales (S) (4) It is usually expressed in terms of percentage, P/V ratio = (C/S) x 100 Contribution = Sales x P/V ratio(5) Sales = Contribution (C)PV Ratio(6) The above-mentioned marginal cost equations can be applied to the following heads: 1. Contribution Margin Contribution margin  is the amount remaining from sales revenue after variable expenses have been deducted i. e. difference between sales and marginal or variable costs. Thus it is the amount available to cover fixed expenses and then to provide profits for the period. The concept of contribution helps in deciding breakeven point, profitability of products, departments etc. to perform the following activities: * Selecting product mix or sales mix for profit maximization * Fixing selling prices under different circumstances such as trade depression, export sales, price discrimination etc. CVP analysis can be used to help find the most profitable combination of variable costs, fixed costs, selling price, and sales volume. Profits can sometimes be improved by reducing the contribution margin if fixed costs can be reduced by a greater amount. The contribution margin as a percentage of total sales is referred to as contribution margin ratio (CM Ratio). Contribution margin ratio can be used in cost-volume profit calculations. 2. Profit Volume Ratio (P/V Ratio), its Improvement and Application The ratio of contribution to sales is P/V ratio or C/S ratio. It is the contribution per rupee of sales and since the fixed cost remains constant in short term period, P/V ratio will also measure the rate of change of profit due to change in volume of sales. The P/V ratio may be expressed as follows: P/V Ratio = Sales-Marginal Cost of SalesSales ContributionSales = Changes in ContributionChanges in Sales = Change in ProfitChange in Sales A fundamental property of marginal costing system is that P/V ratio remains constant at different levels of activity. A change in fixed cost does not affect P/V ratio. The concept of P/V ratio helps in determining the following: * Breakeven point * Profit at any volume of sales * Sales volume required to earn a desired quantum of profit * Profitability of products * Processes or departments The contribution can be increased by increasing the sales price or by reduction of variable costs. Thus, P/V ratio can be improved by the following: * Increasing selling price * Reducing marginal costs by effectively utilizing men, machines, materials and other services * Selling more profitable products, thereby increasing the overall P/V ratio 3. Breakeven Point Breakeven point is the volume of sales or production where there is neither profit nor loss. Thus, we can say that: Contribution = Fixed cost Now, breakeven point can be easily calculated with the help of fundamental marginal cost equation, P/V ratio or contribution per unit. a. Using Marginal Costing Equation S (Sales) – V (Variable cost) = F (Fixed cost) + P (Profit) At BEP P = 0, i. e. BEP Sales – V = F By multiplying both the sides by S and rearranging them, one gets the following equation: Sales at BEP = F. S/S-V b. Using P/V Ratio Sales (S) at BEP = Contribution at BEPP/V Ratio = Fixed CostP/V Ratio c. Using Contribution per unit Breakeven Point = Fixed Cost/Contribution per unit 4. Margin of Safety (MOS) Every enterprise tries to know how much above they are from the breakeven point. This is technically called margin of safety. It is calculated as the difference between sales or production units at the selected activity and the breakeven sales or production. Margin of safety is the difference between the total sales (actual or projected) and the breakeven sales. It may be expressed in monetary terms (value) or as a number of units (volume). It can be expressed as profit / P/V ratio. A large margin of safety indicates the soundness and financial strength of business. Margin of safety can be improved by lowering fixed and variable costs, increasing volume of sales or selling price and changing product mix, so as to improve contribution and overall P/V ratio. Margin of safety = Sales at selected activity – Sales at BEP = Profit at selected activityP/V Ratio Margin of safety is also presented in ratio or percentage as follows: Margin of Safety SalesSales at selected activity ? 100% The size of margin of safety is an extremely valuable guide to the strength of a business. If it is large, there can be substantial falling of sales and yet a profit can be made. On the other hand, if margin is small, any loss of sales may be a serious matter. If margin of safety is unsatisfactory, possible steps to rectify the causes of mismanagement of commercial activities as listed below can be undertaken. . Increasing the selling price It may be possible for a company to have higher margin of safety in order to strengthen the financial health of the business. It should be able to influence price, provided the demand is elastic. Otherwise, the same quantity will not be sold. 2. Reducing fixed costs 3. Reducing variable costs 4. Substitution of existin g product(s) by more profitable lines e. Increase in the volume of output 5. Modernization of production facilities and the introduction of the most cost effective technology 5. Degree of Operating Leverage Managers decide how to structure the cost function for their organizations. Often, potential trade-offs are made between fixed and variable costs. For example, a company could purchase a vehicle (a fixed cost) or it could lease a vehicle under a contract that charges a rate per mile driven (a variable cost). One of the major disadvantages of fixed costs is that they may be difficult to reduce quickly if activity levels fail to meet expectations, thereby increasing the organization’s risk of incurring losses. The degree of operating leverage is the extent to which the cost function is made up of fixed costs. Organizations with high operating leverage incur more risk of loss when sales decline. Conversely, when operating leverage is high an increase in sales (once fixed costs are covered) contributes quickly to profit. The formula for operating leverage can be written in terms of either contribution margin or fixed costs, as shown here Degree of operating leverage in terms of contribution margin = Contribution marginProfit = Total Revenue-Total Variable CostProfit P-VQProfit Degree of operating leverage in terms of fixed costs = FProfit+1 Managers use the degree of operating leverage to gauge the risk associated with their cost function and to explicitly calculate the sensitivity of profits to changes in sales (units or revenues): % change in profit = % change in sales x Degree of Operating leverage Managers need to consider the degree of operating leverage when they decide whether to incu r additional fixed costs, such as purchasing new equipment or hiring new employees. They also need to consider the degree of operating leverage for potential new products and services that could increase an organization’s fixed costs relative to variable costs. If additional fixed costs cause the degree of operating leverage to reach what they consider an unacceptably high level, managers often use variable costs—such as temporary labour—rather than additional fixed costs to meet their operating needs. Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Relationship in Graphic Form Apart from marginal cost equations, it is found that the relationships among revenue, cost, profit and volume can be expressed graphically by preparing a  cost-volume-profit (CVP) graph or break even chart. Breakeven chart and profit graphs, which is a development of simple breakeven chart and shows clearly profit at different volumes of sales, are useful graphic presentations of the cost-volume-profit relationship. Breakeven chart is a device which shows the relationship between sales volume, marginal costs and fixed costs, and profit or loss at different levels of activity. Such a chart also shows the effect of change of one factor on other factors and exhibits the rate of profit and margin of safety at different levels. A breakeven chart contains, among other things, total sales line, total cost line and the point of intersection called breakeven point. It is popularly called breakeven chart because it shows clearly breakeven point (a point where there is no profit or no loss). Construction of a Breakeven Chart The construction of a breakeven chart involves the drawing of fixed cost line, total cost line and sales line as follows: 1. Select a scale for production on horizontal axis and a scale for costs and sales on vertical axis. 2. Plot fixed cost on vertical axis and draw fixed cost line passing through this point parallel to horizontal axis. 3. Plot variable costs for some activity levels starting from the fixed cost line and join these points. This will give total cost line. Alternatively, obtain total cost at different levels; plot the points starting from horizontal axis and draw total cost line. 4. Plot the maximum or any other sales volume and draw sales line by joining zero and the point so obtained. Uses of Breakeven Chart A breakeven chart can be used to show the effect of changes in any of the following profit factors: * Volume of sales * Variable expenses * Fixed expenses * Selling price A CVP graph or breakeven chart thus highlights CVP relationships over wide ranges of activity and can give managers a perspective that can be obtained in no other way. Profit Graph Profit graph is an improvement of a simple breakeven chart. It clearly exhibits the relationship of profit to volume of sales. The construction of a profit graph is relatively easy and the procedure involves the following: 1. Selecting a scale for the sales on horizontal axis and another scale for profit and fixed costs or loss on vertical axis. The area above horizontal axis is called profit area and the one below it is called loss area. 2. Plotting the profits of corresponding sales and joining them. This is profit line. Limitations and Uses of Breakeven Charts A simple breakeven chart gives correct result as long as variable cost per unit, total fixed cost and sales price remain constant. In practice, all these factors may change and the original breakeven chart may give misleading results. But then, if a company sells different products having different percentages of profit to turnover, the original combined breakeven chart fails to give a clear picture when the sales mix changes. In this case, it may be necessary to draw up a breakeven chart for each product or a group of products. A breakeven chart does not take into account capital employed which is a very important factor to measure the overall efficiency of business. Fixed costs may increase at some level whereas variable costs may sometimes start to decline. For example, with the help of quantity discount on materials purchased, the sales price may be reduced to sell the additional units produced etc. These changes may result in more than one breakeven point, or may indicate higher profit at lower volumes or lower profit at still higher levels of sales. Nevertheless, a breakeven chart is used by management as an efficient tool in marginal costing, i. e. in forecasting, decision-making, long term profit planning and maintaining profitability. The margin of safety shows the soundness of business whereas the fixed cost line shows the degree of mechanization. The angle of incidence is an indicator of plant efficiency and profitability of the product or division under consideration. It also helps a monopolist to make price discrimination for maximization of profit. Applications of Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Concepts CVP analysis thus involves the analysis of how total costs, total revenues and total profits are related to sales volume, and is therefore concerned with predicting the effects of changes in costs and sales volume on profit. The technique used carefully may be helpful in the following situations: a) Budget planning. The volume of sales required to make a profit (breakeven point) and the safety margin for profits in the budget can be measured. b) Pricing and sales volume decisions. c) Sales mix decisions, to determine in what proportions each product should be sold. d) Decisions that will affect the cost structure and production capacity of the company. e) Make or buy decisions – Analyzing and determining whether it is profitable for a firm to manufacture a particular component or product themselves, outsource the production to others or buy a component/product already available for their use. ) To decide whether or not to close down a factory, department, product line or other activity, either because it is making losses or because it is too expensive to run. This often involves long term considerations, and capital expenditures and revenues. But it can be simplified into short run decisions, by making certain assumptions. g) Assist in determining production or activity levels of employee s and their work schedules. h) Assist in determining discretionary expenditures and product emphasis such as advertising. While this type of analysis is typical for manufacturing firms, it also is appropriate for other types of industries. In addition to the restaurant industry, CVP has been used in decision-making for nuclear versus gas- or coal-fired energy generation. Some of the more important costs in the analysis are projected discount rates and increasing governmental regulation. At a more down-to-earth level is the prospective purchase of high quality compost for use on golf courses in the Carolinas. Greens managers tend to balk at the necessity of high (fixed) cost equipment necessary for uniform spread ability and maintenance, even if the (variable) cost of the compost is reasonable. Interestingly, one of the unacceptably high fixed costs of this compost is the smell, which is not adaptable to CVP analysis. Even in the highly regulated banking industry, CVP has been useful in pricing decisions. The market for banking services is based on two primary categories. First is the price-sensitive group. In the 1990s leading banks tended to increase fees on small, otherwise unprofitable accounts. As smaller account holders have departed, operating costs for these banks have decreased due to fewer accounts; those that remain pay for their keep. The second category is the maturity-based group. Responses to changes in rates paid for certificates of deposit are inherently delayed by the maturity date. Important increases in fixed costs for banks include computer technology and the employment of skilled analysts to segment the markets for study. Even entities without a profit goal find CVP useful. Governmental agencies use the analysis to determine the level of service appropriate for projected revenues. Nonprofit agencies, increasingly stipulating fees for service, can explore fee-pricing options; in many cases, the recipients are especially price-sensitive due to income or health concerns. The agency can use CVP to explore the options for efficient allocation of resources. Project feasibility studies frequently use CVP as a preliminary analysis. Such major undertakings as real estate/construction ventures have used this technique to explore pricing, lender choice, and project scope options. Cost-volume-profit analysis is a simple but flexible tool for exploring potential profit based on cost strategies and pricing decisions. While it may not provide detailed analysis, it can prevent do-nothing management paralysis by providing insight on an overview basis. CVP Analysis Illustrations Unit in Expansion Mode In an expanding market, managers take advantage of fixed costs to generate profitable growth as additional customers do not add much additional costs. In such cases cost structure dominated by fixed cost structure is a smart managerial decision. Whenever a decision is to be taken as to whether the capacity is to be expanded or not, consideration should be given to the following points: * Additional fixed expenses to be incurred * Possible decrease in selling price due to increase in production * Whether the demand is sufficient to absorb the increased production Based on these considerations, the cost schedule will be worked out. While deciding about the contraction of business, the saving in fixed expenses and the marginal contribution lost will have to be taken into account. If a branch office is to be closed down, and if the branch is giving a marginal contribution sufficient to cover fixed expenses the contraction may lead to a loss. Example: Branch B Sales – `20000 P/V Ratio – 20% Marginal contribution – `4000 Fixed expenses of the branch – `3000 The branch is giving an extra contribution of `1000. If it is closed, the fixed expense saving is `3000, whereas the contribution lost is `4000. Hence it is not advisable to contract the business by closing down the branch. Illustration 1 Nice and Warm Ltd. , manufactures and markets hot plates. During the first five years of operation, the company had experienced a gradual increase in sales volume, and the current annual growth in sales of 5% is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. The plant is now producing at its full capacity of one lakh hot plates. At the monthly Management Advisory Committee meeting, amongst other things, the plan of action for next year was discussed. Managing Director proposed two alternatives. First, operations could be continued at full capacity and with the existing facilities an output of one lakh hot plates at a selling price of `100 per unit could be maintained. Secondly, production and sales could be increased by 5% to take advantage of the rate of expansion in demand for the product. But this could increase cost, as to achieve this output the company will have to resort to weekend and overtime workings. However, a policy of steady growth was preferable to maintaining status quo. In view of the company’s competitors having a substantial share of the market, the Works Director was of the view that it was not enough for the company to maintain merely the present share of the total market. A larger share of the total market should be obtained. For that, the company should increase the production by 10% through a modest expansion of plant capacity. In order to sell the output of 110000 units, the selling price could be reduced to `95 per unit. Thinking on the same lines, the Marketing Director put forth a more radical proposal. The strategy should be to seize the competitive leadership in the market with regard to both price and volume. With this end in view, he suggested that the company should straight away embark on an expensive modernization programme which will initially increase volume by 20%. The entire output of 120000 hot plates could be easily sold at a price of `90 per unit. At this juncture Managing Director expressed concern about the probable behavior of the company’s competitors. They might also expand in order to produce more and sell at lowest prices. Suppose this happened, he wanted also the financial effects of the proposals of the Works Director and the Marketing Director, if in those proposals, the increase in sales were to be only half of that predicted. It is required to critically evaluate the six alternatives, and suggest recommendations to be circulated to the Directors. In this connection the following details have been gathered: 1) If next year’s production was maintained at the current year’s level variable costs would remain unchanged at `30lakhs. ) The weekend and overtime working would increase with the variable and fixed costs. Variable cost would rise to `55 per unit while fixed costs would increase to `3025000. 3) In the proposal of the Works Director, the ratio of variable costs to sales would continue to be 50% and fixed costs would rise to `3225000. 4) In the proposal of the Marketing Director, as a result of increased pro duction efficiency and some savings from purchase of materials, it is estimated that the ratio of variable cost to sales would decrease to 48% and the fixed costs would increase by `516000. A tabular statement of comparative figures pertaining to Total Turnover, Total Contribution, Percentage of Profit to Sales and Break-Even units as regards to each of the six proposals is given below: Proposals| | Managing Director’s 1st proposal| Managing Director’s 2nd proposal| Works Director’s 1st proposal| Works Director’s 2nd proposal (1/2 of expected increase)| Marketing Director’s 1st proposal| Marketing Director’s 2nd proposal (1/2 of expected increase)| | (1)| (2)| (3)| (4)| (5)| (6)| Units Sold| 100000| 105000| 110000| 105000| 120000| 110000| Unit Selling Price (in `)| 100| 100| 95| 95| 90| 90| Total turnover (in ` lakhs)| 100. 0| 105. 00| 104. 50| 99. 75| 108. 00| 99. 00| Unit contribution| 50| 45| 47. 5| 47. 5| 46. 80| 46. 80| Total Contribution| 50| 47. 25| 52. 25| 49. 875| 56. 16| 51. 48| Fixed Cost (in ` lakhs)| 30| 30. 25| 32. 25| 32. 25| 35. 16| 35. 16| Profit (in ` lakhs)| 20| 17. 00| 20. 00| 17. 625| 21| 16. 32| Percentage of profit to Sales| 20%| 16. 19%| 19. 14%| 17. 67%| 19. 44%| 16. 48%| Breakeven units| 60000| 67222| 67895| 67895| 75128| 75128| Margin of Safety in units| 40000| 37778| 42105| 37105| 44872| 34872| Relative risks involved At the present full capacity level, it is enough to sell 60,000 units to break even. Other proposals raise the break-even point further. In an uncertain market, if in the proposals of Works Director and the Marketing Director, only half the increase is achieved, the margin of safety will be lower than the present 40,000 units. Profit as a percentage of sales is also lower than existing, in all the proposals. All this is a disquieting feature as the risk involved is greater in all the other proposals. Short-term and long-term implications of the Managing Director’s proposals The company has already reached its full capacity. As a short term measure, the Managing Director’s first proposal seems to be all right. From long-term point of view, neither of the proposals can be considered to be satisfactory. Both the proposals of the Managing Director do not provide a lasting solution. Though the second proposal maintains the market share, it results in less profit, both in quantum and percentage. As the capacity has already been reached there is an urgent necessity for the Managing Director to address himself to long range objectives and plans keeping in view the expansion in demand for the company’s product. Price elasticity of demand and suggestions on the pricing policy and cost structure It seems that both the Works Director and the Marketing Director have very elementary notions on price. They think that if the volume increases in order to sell the increased volume, price has to be lowered. No serious study seems to have been made on the price elasticity of demand for the company’s product. On the other hand, we have been told that there is a steady 5% annual growth in demand, which means that the prices need not be reduced only more market share has to be obtained. For incremental production, differential pricing in certain special markets has to be resorted to; if this is not possible, the increased production can be sold under a different brand name with a different price (A static cost structure, more or less, has been assumed). To beat competition, a better product has to be put in the market and cost reduction offered through value analysis, etc. Financial implications of the expansion schemes The expansion scheme envisaged has to be properly tested for profitability by feasibility study reports, etc. Source of financing the expansion has to be determined. The financial implications of share issue or borrowed funds have to be gone through. Long range objectives have to be defined and plans drawn accordingly to achieve them. Illustration 2 Reliable Chair Co. is a manufacturer of solid wood chairs. It is required to calculate a breakeven level for monthly sales. In other words the number of chairs Reliable needs to sell each month in order to breakeven needs to be determined. (While this example uses a manufacturing business, remember that break-even analysis can be used for both retail and service businesses as well) During this same month last year, Reliable sold 550 chairs. The business has enjoyed moderate growth over the last year, so the reasonable assumptions can be: * 600 chairs will be sold this month. * The companys income statement has been projected, based upon an expected volume of 600 chairs per month. * Each monthly expense has been classified as either fixed or variable. The classification that has been prepared is as follows: Fixed Costs / Month * Building Rent `10000 * Property Tax `4000 * Utilities `900 * Telephone `850 * Depreciation `8000 * Insurance `500 * Advertising `3000 * General Office Salaries `7000 * General Maintenance `700 Total `34950 Variable Costs / Month * Direct Materials `28800 (wood. varnish, etc. ) * Direct Labour `26400 * Overtime Labour `1500 * Billing Costs `2000 * General Maintenance `1300 Total`60,000 General Office Salaries is included as a fixed cost because in the short run these salaries must be paid regardless of whether any chairs are sold or not during the month. Obviously, if the firm fails to sell chairs for a number of months, the office salaries will decline and will no longer be considered fixed. This cost would eventually change with the volume of sales. Remember, though, that break-even analysis focuses only on the short run. General Maintenance Expense appears on both the fixed and variable lists. This is because some maintenance costs will be incurred regardless of how many chairs we sell (the fixed portion). The office wastepaper baskets will still be emptied, floors washed, and windows cleaned. On the other hand, the more chairs we sell, the more the machinery will be used, so the incidence of breakdown is likely to increase, which will require more maintenance (the variable portion). How to divide maintenance costs between fixed and variable cost is a matter of choice. In the above example, we have divided maintenance as 35 percent fixed and 65 percent variable. One more piece of information is needed, which is readily available from the business records, before the break-even point can be calculated: the Selling Price. The selling price is known for an existing business. However break-even analysis can actually help to determine the selling price. Currently, Reliable chairs are selling to dealers for `250. Lets summarize what we know so far: * Total monthly fixed costs `34,950 * Total monthly variable costs `60,000 * Selling price for one chair `250 Expected number of chairs to be sold this month 600 Heres where we figure Variable Cost per Unit. Simply divide the Total Variable Cost by the Number of Units we expect to sell to get the Variable Cost per Unit. An existing business may use a previously calculated variable cost per unit figure, but it is best to review variable costs and expected sales at least annually to assure the most accurate data in doing your break-even analysis. In general, the formula for figuring Variable Cost per Unit looks like this: Total Variable Cost / Number of Units = Variable Cost per Unit The calculation for this example looks like this: 60,000 Variable Cost / 600 Units = `100 Variable Cost per Unit Break-Even in Units Total Monthly Fixed Costs + Variable Costs (variable cost per unit times number of units sold) = Net Sales Revenue (selling price per unit times number of units sold) In the formula, let X stand for the number of chairs needed to break even. The Net Sales Revenue at the break-even point in this example will be `250 (selling price for one chair) times X number of chairs. The Variable Cost per Unit in this example is `100, so Variable Costs equal `100 times â€Å"X† number of chairs. Plugging the values into the break-even formula: 34,950 + `100X = `250X Solving the equation, we find X = 233 In other words, Reliable needs to sell 233 chairs during the month just to cover all expected expenses. At the 233-chair point, Reliable will not be making a profit or incurring a loss, but the very next chair they sell will give them a profit. Break-Even in Sales Dollars Breakeven level can also be calculated in terms of dollars. We know how many chairs need to be sold and how much each chair sells for, so multiplying Chairs times Dollars per Chair will give us the break-even level of sales dollars. i. e. 233 chairs x `250 per chair = $58,250 Another way of thinking about this number is that once Reliables sales for the month have passed `58,250, they should be making a profit. The words should be are important. Remember that many of the figures we used in determining fixed and variable costs were based upon judgment. For a business still in the planning stage, these figures would be estimates or projections. This means that it is probably best not to rely on a single number like the 233 chairs we calculated as the break-even point. It is better to use the real power of break-even analysis to develop a range of points which better define what might actually happen. Break-Even to Set Price In the above calculation, we assumed the price was set at `250. What happens to our break-even point if we lower the price to `225? Again, Fixed Costs + Variable Costs = Net Sales Revenue i. e. `34,950 + `100X = `225X Solving, we get X = 279. 6 ~ 280 (approx. ) We find when we cut our price by 10 percent, that the number of chairs we will have to sell to break even went up just over 20 percent. Because we cant sell six-tenths of a chair, Reliables break-even is actually 280 chairs in this case. Now, imagine recalculating the break-even point for a whole range of item prices. You would get a corresponding range of break-even points. You can use that range to judge the feasibility of actually reaching different sales levels. If it seems physically impossible to produce the number of units needed to break even at the lowest item price in your range of reasonable prices in the actual marketplace, this is a good advance indication of a potential problem. Possibly, the project is not feasible. On the other hand, it could be an indication that your classification of expenses is off. You can try adjusting your estimate of fixed expenses to see how that affects your break-even point. The Profit Break-Even Formula Profit is what is left of the net sales revenue after all expenses have been covered. The basic break-even formula identifies the point at which all expenses have been covered, but where profit has not yet begun to accrue. In other words, implicit in the basic formula is the idea that profit is zero at break-even. In this example, break-even looks like this: Fixed Costs + Variable Costs = Net Sales Revenue i. e. `34,950 + `100X = `250X Actually, profit is in the formula, but at a zero value: Profit + Fixed Costs + Variable Costs =Net Sales Revenue . e. `0 + `34,950 + `100X = `250X The general form of the formula above, which we will call the profit breakeven formula, is the form to use when you want to estimate the level of sales necessary to meet a certain profit requirement. Lets look at an example using the Reliable Chair Co. data. It is now required to find the level of sales necessary to meet desired profit projections. It is known that plans requir e a profit of `50,000 for the period under consideration. How many chairs must Reliable sell to make that profit level? Recall the profit break-even formula and fill in the values we know or have already calculated: Profit + Fixed Costs + Variable Costs = Net Sales Revenue i. e. `50,000+ `34,950 + `100X = `250X Solving X = 566. 33 ~ 567 (approx. ). So, in order to make a `50,000 profit, Reliable must sell 567 chairs this month. As with the basic break-even formula, the real strength of profit break-even is its ability to give you a range of figures to use in your planning. What if selling 567 chairs a month is physically impossible for Reliable? Suppose Reliable is only able to produce 500 chairs a month because of production constraints. What price would they then have to charge to make a `50,000 profit? First, recognize that the variable cost per unit will not change. Therefore, it will still cost `100 to produce each chair. Following the procedure weve been using, the number of chairs was always represented by X because the quantity of chairs was unknown. Now we know that the number of chairs we can produce is 500, and we want to find the sales price. So, lets let Y = sales price and fill in the rest of what we know. The profit break-even formula would then look like this: Profit + Fixed Costs + Variable Costs = Net Sales Revenue . e. `50,000 + `34,950 + `100X = 500Y Solving, we get, Y = `269. 90 = `270 (approx. ). The above calculation shows that if we must make a `50,000 profit and are only able to make 500 chairs in a month, the price that will allow us to meet that goal and stay within our production constraint is `270. Obviously, charging anything over `270 would insure meeting the profit goal. However, there is a ceiling price above which Reliable will have priced themselves out of the market. The market-ceiling price is unknown without further market research. Expansion Decision Suppose Reliable Chair needed to expand its warehouse facility by renting additional space. The monthly rent for the new building is `5000. If nothing else changes, how many chairs must Reliable now sell to meet its profit goal? First, recognize that the new rental cost is going to increase Reliables fixed costs. We shall assume, in this case, that all other variables remain unchanged. The values in the profit break-even formula will now become: Profit + Fixed Costs + Variable Costs = Net Sales Revenue i. e. `50,000 + `39,950 + `100X = `250X Solving, we get, X = `599. 67 ~ 600 (approx. . So the `5,000 expansion is going to require that an additional 33 chairs be sold each month in order to maintain the profit goal. Or alternatively, another 33 chairs x `250 per chair = `8,250 From these calculations, we see that `8,250 in sales is necessary to cover the additional `5,000 in fixed costs and maintain the profit level goal. Note that this same type of analysis could be done for any plan ned expenditure that affected fixed costs. For example, a planned increase in advertising or a mandated increase in utility costs could also be handled using this analysis. These examples would increase the fixed costs. Raises given to personnel would increase either fixed or variable costs and possibly both.

This I Believe Essays

This I Believe Essays This I Believe Paper This I Believe Paper This I Believe: Isabel Allende: In Giving I connect with others. This Chapter really stuck out to me; by reading I found a lot connection. â€Å"In Giving I Connect with Others,† the title speaks for itself, but to elaborate and go in-depth, the writer Isabel Allende had a 28-year old daughter who was very sick, went in a coma and later past in 1992. Losing her daughter in her very arms was difficult for her. While in her process of grief she reflect over her life, she came to the understanding that she was still the same person she had been 50 years ago. She still had the zeal for life, falls in love easily, craves justice, and ferociously independent. Her daughter Paula lived a life of service. She spent her days volunteering at several facilities. She spent eight hours a day, six days a week helping women and children. She never had the money, but she needed very little. Paula’s passing was a very hard time for her mother to cope with. She had to let go of everything that might reminded her of daughter; everything from her voice, laughter, appearance, and also her spirit. Losing Paula was a cleansing experience for Isabel, she was forced to get rid of excess baggage and kept only what was essential and important. Paula taught her mother Isabel a very valuable lesson â€Å"don’t get so attached to anything†. I personally learned a lot from this chapter. I am always willing to help others in any way that I can. I always volunteer when there is an opening. So far I have volunteer in various locations such as Valley Rescue Mission, Feeding the Homeless, Clothing Bank, Teen Challenge, and etc. Growing up I have always learned that it is better to give than to receive. Because when you give to someone out of the goodness of your heart, you never know how much you’re giving meant to them. I am always cleaning out my closet ready to give to Goodwill and the Clothing Bank. I have always been taught that when you want to give something away, put yourself at the other end, if what you’re giving does not look presentable then don’t give it. Giving to the less fortunate is always heartwarming for me. I always love to see the smile on their faces when they receive. The term â€Å"Giving† doesn’t necessarily mean giving material things; it can also mean giving intellectually. Sharing your knowledge with others can also be helpful. For example, if you have more about a specific topic or subject and someone is struggling with that same area that you are proficient with, the best thing to do as a loyal person would be to help that individual and feed them with the same knowledge that you have so they can gain more understanding. There are many ways go give. The bottom line is when we give out of love and compassion the thought of receiving a â€Å"prize† or a â€Å"thank you† back should not matter. The prize should be the impact you made on the less fortunate and the happiness that you brought to them. Isabel said in the chapter, â€Å"what is the point of having experience, knowledge or talent if I don’t give it away? Of having stories if I don’t tell them to others, of having wealth if I don’t share it? We all have a lot to give; we cannot have that much inside of us that we refuse to share with others. Through giving we meet others; we connect with other people that we never knew existed. I am always ready to give to anybody, I never look for a thank you in return as long as they are happy and satisfied, that is all that matters to me, putting a smile on someone else’s face is the only thing that matters. â€Å"In Giving I Connect With Others. †

Masculinity in Paul Laurence Dunbar's The Sport of the Gods Essay

Masculinity in Paul Laurence Dunbar's The Sport of the Gods - Essay Example Regardless of race, class or even geographic location, Dunbar presents the white men’s model of masculinity as the only embodiment of manhood. Responsibility represents an important aspect of masculinity the novel points out. This responsibility requires men to be heads of households and take care of their family. In fact, the South expects its men to be strong and hardworking in order to manage and secure their family needs. For instance, Maurice Oakley, a white man who owns a plantation, believes in this principle and urges his employees to follow his example. Married to Leslie Oakley, a docile and obedient woman who respects her southern values, Mr. Oakley fully plays his role. He especially encourages Berry Hamilton, his butler, to get married: It is then possible to see how Oakley's desire for Berry to find a wife (as he has found one) necessitates that Berry find a wife that is like his, one that embodies the role of an "appropriate" wife and has the disposition that wil l allow Berry to be the head of the household--or in this case, the house in the back of the "big house." Ultimately, Oakley wants Berry to become a black version of himself within the constraints of his own household. (Tsemo) Mr. Oakley wants his servant to marry a woman who will obey and respect him so that he can become a head of household. As the landlord, he urges his employees to follow his steps. When Berry Hamilton marries Fannie, he fulfills Mr. Oakley’s wish and becomes himself a head of household with all the responsibilities and expectations involved. Even though the two households differ because of the social status involved, both men exercise some authority over their wives. Despite their different racial and class background, their southern roots grant them power over their wives who also accept and even expect such role. Mr. Oakley and Berry not only share this privilege their gender grants them over their wives but they also share the same values. Born and ra ised in the South, they believe in the same set of principles and rules of conduct. Berry even raises his children, Joe and Kit, to respect and cherish these values as they grow up. Already a hardworking and trustworthy servant, Berry emulates his employer in his deed, actions and values (Tsemo). Despite their different social status, Berry even tries to follow Oakley’s economic principles by putting aside some money after his family expenses have been met. This economic organization allows him to live decently and save his family from need compared to other black men struggling to survive. This mild success costs him the envy and jealousy of the African American community that accuses him to imitate white people’s way of life. Even though both Oakley and Berry share the patriarchal powers they believe in, some of Oakley’s beliefs will ultimately cause Berry’s destruction. Accused of stealing money from Oakley’s cabinet, Berry is sentenced to 10 ye ars of prison. He therefore loses his head of household status as he leaves his helpless wife and children. This arrest affects his dignity, his reputation and even his manhood. The Southern Values he so much believes in fail to protect and save him and actually makes him an easy target for the accusation. Despite his 20 years of devoted and loyal service to Oakley, his race and class render him a suspect of a crime he did not commit. Convinced of his innocence, the loss of his freedom comes as a surprise.

Consumer Brand Relationships Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Brand Relationships - Literature review Example In this framework the definitional association is also pertinent. Linking human personality with brand image is not, though, an easy undertaking. The difficulty that psychologists face in determining and assessing personality equally becomes an issue for people who study the art of brand imaging (Bradley, 2010). It is not unusual, therefore, that those who identify brand image by alluding to human personality do not try to identify the latter concept in any more comprehensive way. They just suggest that goods possess behavioural images, or they centre in on some markedly human factor like age, gender or social caste (Batra, Ahuvia and Bagozzi, 2008). Fig. 2 - The determinants of customer-brand relationships (Martensen and Gronholdt, 2010) Brand Relationships Brand relationship, an alleged interpersonal connection in a branding framework,  assumes that brands and customers are able to have a special connection through a shared communication system. Still, some critics have stated th at a brand relationship cannot really be said to reflect an interpersonal association because of the fact that the key components in interpersonal relationships like interdependence and intimacy are lacking. Even though research has in the past revealed that consciousness actually decides how people perform their daily duties, evidence shows that behaviour can actually be in accordance with the pursuit of individual objectives where cognisance is induced (Carroll and Ahuvia, 2006). However, the function of human consciousness is not always obvious a consumer and brand relationship situation. This suggests that the lack of consciousness can actually stop people from value their  relations in a suitable manner. For example, the related members of a... In the present extremely competitive business field, singular images or one-way messages are no longer relevant in capturing and holding consumer interest. A brand’s value is connected to the relationships it creates and the social connections it inspires among consumers who purchase the service or product. The task of managing such extensive relationships that seem to cover every aspect from the production of a product to its consumption is what most marketers are occupied with. If its creators and marketers have taken care to ensure the existence of such relationships, a brand can actually stop being seen as a mere product to become a platform for the shared experiences of its consumers, thus generating more revenue. Defining a brand’s social nature means considering what consumer’s expectations about a certain brand are and how to encourage the consumers to have even loftier expectations in future. Marketers such as eBay and IKEA, for example, are some of thos e that are at the forefront in intentionally inducing a desire for less acquirement of phenomenal experiences with goods or even the products themselves, for more lasting and consequential varieties of fulfilment.

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay The ensuring letter of motivation is meant to put forth my aspiration to pursue my career through Master’s in Mechanical Engineering at your esteemed university, as well as description of my plans subsequent to my graduation. In this ever changing world of Engineering and Technology, passing day makes them obsolete, I want to attain the highest level of education and transcend new scope for research in Mechanical Engineering. This has always fascinated me and I am keen to continue my academic pursuit in this field. Personally, I have always cherished a dream to become an Engineer, a dream that was innate and developed slowly over the years. Right from my school days, I found myself fascinated by the intricacies of mathematics and physics, which spurn their web of aura around me, a web that I sought to unravel in countless problems solving sessions I have always felt a strong need for achievement, which has been the motivating force behind whatever I have achieved in my academic career. I have received grades with magna cum laude both in my 10th and 12th grade. see more:sop for canada student visa Engineering, at this point of time, seemed as a natural extrapolation of my abilities and interests. With good grades I enrolled in the discipline of Mechanical engineering at â€Å"Shree Devi Institute of Technology (SDIT), Mangalore†. As an undergraduate student at â€Å"SDIT†, I have completed my course with discipline and hard work. I plan to apply the same determination that made me a balanced person in life in my future Engineering career. I have focused my time on education and am seeking the admission for Master’s in Mechanical Engineering in your Institution. My passion for CAD/CAM started from the First year of my Engineering itself when I got 121 out of 125, securing first position in class for, â€Å"Computer Aided Engineering Drawing (CAED)†. This and the â€Å"CADD Quest scholarship† motivated me to join at CADD CENTRE, Mangalore in 2011 where I completed my â€Å"Master diploma in product design and analysis† and got myself well acquainted with mechanical software’s namely AutoCAD, PRO/E, CATIAV5, PRIMEVERA and ANSYS. I have also completed AutoCAD – 2D from Manipal University (MICE). Even the vision of our Institute exclaimed â€Å"Engineers build Nation†. In this world where engineers are proliferating at an extremely high place, I felt that I had to achieve something different to stand in a good position in the competitive world pursuing this strongly in built motive, I did my last year thesis on â€Å"Design and Analysis of a Cargo Lift†. It was completed in collaboration with the CADD CENTRE. It is been done using Mechanical Design software’s, ‘CATIA V5’ for designing all parts of the cargo lift and ‘ANSYS’ for analysis in the different parts of the cargo lift. The project was based on the comparison between conventional design and the more effective design (Project Design). I have given some paper presentations during my graduation but ‘SNAKE ROBOTS-to the Rescue’ received due appreciation in which I explained the rescue mission in Japan during the tsunami, earthquake and Nuclear Shutdown where these rescue robots were utilized effectively to rescue people under such harsh circumstances. During my study at baccalaureate level I have nurtured a growing interest in CAE and Robotics due to its immense real life applications and wide scope of research. I want to expose myself to the outer limits of specialized knowledge of these fields. A thorough knowledge of computers is imperative for any engineer to be successful. I have taken computer courses in C-Language, C++. On the other end, Ergonomics surveying also proves that a lot of people suffer from ‘Technostress’, finding it difficult to cope with the ever improving technology, so I want to utilize my talent into preparing and designing something user friendly. Presently, India is not so advanced in Computational design and Engineering with very limited college’s providing platform for such mode of engineering, but it is improving and will have a wide scope in the near future. I have learned that German universities are a mark of excellence for Master’s programs throughout the world. Backed by my family members and to achieve my goals, I have considered to study ahead and have gained information about a lot of Universities which offer multiple Master’s programs in Germany through internet (daad. de). I have set up a top priority to attain admissions in one of the University’s and have also enrolled myself into German language course. The German universities have always pioneered the research in mechanical fields of interest. Being a prospective student for new challenging ideas, I believe that an opportunity for higher education in Germany would be a unique fortuity to test and prove my ability and also to enrich and broaden my keen with transition to a new setting. Finally, I would like to add here that my parents have always been a source of inspiration to me. They have set me personal examples and ideals for me follow. As a result of this, I believe that over the years, I have evolved into a person who can fit easily into a team and who appreciates the value of discussion and exchanges of ideas. I am largely self-regulated and am capable of independent work, given an opportunity. Moreover, my college years had a lot of ups and downs, being in a different state it was hard to adjust to life. Later, I started getting involved in various college activities and even made new friends. This eventually taught me to blend with people from different parts of India. I have participated in many events, inter-class as well as for inter-college. I was the captain of our college Football team. I was also part of our college Table-tennis and carom team. For me â€Å"fun is better than winning†, so it didn’t matter whether we won or lose, but it taught me about responsibilities, teamwork and group leading. We also had our own college group comprising of different talents that participated in other colleges, I used to be on the pencil-sketch, Rangoli( an art done on floor using powder color) and Treasure-hunting teams. I have attended technical fests like Sentia at MITE, Arodhya at NITTE. I with my friends had organized various events of our college for Inter- Collegiate Fest and Inter Class such as Treasure Hunt, Tech Quiz, and Football respectively. Lastly, I perceive that graduate study nurtures the seeds of learning sown during the course of undergraduate study. I work well under pressure and become engrossed in whatever subject I am pursuing. I would like to apply my skills as a Mechanical Engineering at your Institution. After having gone through the details of the research facilities available at German universities, I feel that they are very much catering to the fields of my interest and it is the right place to embark upon my academic career. Thank you for considering my application.